What are the types of dry dehiscent fruits?
-Follicle
-Legume
-Silique
-capsule
Follicle:
-Fruit has one carpel only
-fruit splits along seam
-eg: magnolia
Legume:
-Fruit has one carpel only
-fruit splits along two seams
Eg: Bean pods
Silique:
-Fruit has two carpels
-seeds persist on a thin septum (papery)
Eg: Mustard and other brassicaceae members
Capsule:
-Fruit has more than two carpels
-fruit splits in many ways: Septicidal, loculicidal, circumscissile, poricidal.
Septicidal:
Splits along septa
Eg: Yucca
Loculicidal:
splits along locule
Eg: Iris
Circumscissile:
Opens by a lid
Eg: Portulaca
Poricidal:
Opens by small pore.
Eg: Poppy
Types of dry indehiscent fruit:
-Achene
-caryopsis/grain
-samara
-nuts
-aggregate
-accessory
-Multiple
Achene:
-Fruit small; thin walled
-one seed
-seed attached to fruit at one point only
Eg: Sunflower, (true fruit in strawberry)
Caryopsis/grain:
-Fruit-thin walled pericarp
-seed coat completely fused to the fruit wall
Eg: Rice, wheat
Samara:
-Fruit similar to achene
-Fruit wall extends to from wing like structures.
Eg: Maple
Nuts:
-Fruit has a hard pericarp
-one seeded
-Eg: pecans, walnuts, hazlenuts
(Similar to drupes, drupaceous nuts- "fake nuts".)
Aggregate:
Derived from many flowers
-all flowers on one stalk
-group of many individual fruits along with the inflorescence stalk
Accessory Fruit:
-Edible part of fruit not derived from the ovary.
Eg: Apple, strawberry.
What is growth?
Change in the size of the fruit?
What is development?
A change in stage/phase.
Can growth and development occur together?
Yes. Development can occur after growth stops. (Eg: Fruit ripening)
How do you measure growth and development?
Weight, length, diameter, volume, circumference, and surface area.
Usually, weight and volume are the best measurements
Sigmoid curve:
Cell division is followed by cell expansion. Common pattern in apples.
Double Sigmoid Curve
A period of growth, followed by an intermediate period with minimal growth, followed by a sudden burst of rapid growth and development. Common pattern in blueberries, peaches, and grapes.
Things that influence fruit growth and development:
- Genetics - Things such as cultivar, rootstock, and age.
- Environment - Things such as light, irrigation, and temperature.
- Cultural - Horticulture (i.e. thinning, pruning, training, pollination, nutrition, and soil.
- Cultural factors are all that we
Things to consider for orchard site selection:
Soil characteristics, topography, climate, proximity to water, and proximity to market.
Ideal soil pH?
between 6 and 7
Which fruit crop prefers lower pH levels?
Blueberries
____________ lowers pH.
Sulfur
____________ raises pH.
Lime
Avoid excessive nutrition, it can affect:
-Root development.
-Allows more precise grower controlled nutrient administration.
-Nitrogen rich soil promotes vegetative growth, not fruit growth
T/F Microbiomes tend to coevolve with production plants.
true
Replant disease/"tired soil can be prevented by:
Can be fought by replanting previous tree aisles with new rows and allow for previous rows to become aisles in an orchard.
What are the types of dry dehiscent fruits?
#NAME?
Follicle:
#NAME?
Legume:
#NAME?
Silique:
#NAME?
Capsule:
#NAME?
Septicidal:
Splits along septa
Eg: Yucca
Loculicidal:
splits along locule
Eg: Iris
Circumscissile:
Opens by a lid
Eg: Portulaca
Poricidal:
Opens by small pore.
Eg: Poppy
Types of dry indehiscent fruit:
#NAME?
Achene:
-Fruit small; thin walled
-one seed
-seed attached to fruit at one point only
Eg: Sunflower, (true fruit in strawberry)
Caryopsis/grain:
#NAME?
Samara:
#NAME?
Nuts:
-Fruit has a hard pericarp
-one seeded
-Eg: pecans, walnuts, hazlenuts
(Similar to drupes, drupaceous nuts- "fake nuts".)
Aggregate:
Derived from many flowers
-all flowers on one stalk
-group of many individual fruits along with the inflorescence stalk
Accessory Fruit:
#NAME?
What is growth?
Change in the size of the fruit?
What is development?
A change in stage/phase.
Can growth and development occur together?
Yes. Development can occur after growth stops. (Eg: Fruit ripening)
How do you measure growth and development?
Weight, length, diameter, volume, circumference, and surface area.
Usually, weight and volume are the best measurements
Sigmoid curve:
Cell division is followed by cell expansion. Common pattern in apples.
Double Sigmoid Curve
A period of growth, followed by an intermediate period with minimal growth, followed by a sudden burst of rapid growth and development. Common pattern in blueberries, peaches, and grapes.
Things that influence fruit growth and development:
- Genetics - Things such as cultivar, rootstock, and age.
- Environment - Things such as light, irrigation, and temperature.
- Cultural - Horticulture (i.e. thinning, pruning, training, pollination, nutrition, and soil.
- Cultural factors are all that we
Things to consider for orchard site selection:
Soil characteristics, topography, climate, proximity to water, and proximity to market.
Ideal soil pH?
between 6 and 7
Which fruit crop prefers lower pH levels?
Blueberries
____________ lowers pH.
Sulfur
____________ raises pH.
Lime
Avoid excessive nutrition, it can affect:
#NAME?
T/F Microbiomes tend to coevolve with production plants.
TRUE
Replant disease/"tired soil can be prevented by:
Can be fought by replanting previous tree aisles with new rows and allow for previous rows to become aisles in an orchard.