FRUITS TEST 2

What are the types of dry dehiscent fruits?

-Follicle
-Legume
-Silique
-capsule

Follicle:

-Fruit has one carpel only
-fruit splits along seam
-eg: magnolia

Legume:

-Fruit has one carpel only
-fruit splits along two seams
Eg: Bean pods

Silique:

-Fruit has two carpels
-seeds persist on a thin septum (papery)
Eg: Mustard and other brassicaceae members

Capsule:

-Fruit has more than two carpels
-fruit splits in many ways: Septicidal, loculicidal, circumscissile, poricidal.

Septicidal:

Splits along septa
Eg: Yucca

Loculicidal:

splits along locule
Eg: Iris

Circumscissile:

Opens by a lid
Eg: Portulaca

Poricidal:

Opens by small pore.
Eg: Poppy

Types of dry indehiscent fruit:

-Achene
-caryopsis/grain
-samara
-nuts
-aggregate
-accessory
-Multiple

Achene:

-Fruit small; thin walled
-one seed
-seed attached to fruit at one point only
Eg: Sunflower, (true fruit in strawberry)

Caryopsis/grain:

-Fruit-thin walled pericarp
-seed coat completely fused to the fruit wall
Eg: Rice, wheat

Samara:

-Fruit similar to achene
-Fruit wall extends to from wing like structures.
Eg: Maple

Nuts:

-Fruit has a hard pericarp
-one seeded
-Eg: pecans, walnuts, hazlenuts
(Similar to drupes, drupaceous nuts- "fake nuts".)

Aggregate:

Derived from many flowers
-all flowers on one stalk
-group of many individual fruits along with the inflorescence stalk

Accessory Fruit:

-Edible part of fruit not derived from the ovary.
Eg: Apple, strawberry.

What is growth?

Change in the size of the fruit?

What is development?

A change in stage/phase.

Can growth and development occur together?

Yes. Development can occur after growth stops. (Eg: Fruit ripening)

How do you measure growth and development?

Weight, length, diameter, volume, circumference, and surface area.
Usually, weight and volume are the best measurements

Sigmoid curve:

Cell division is followed by cell expansion. Common pattern in apples.

Double Sigmoid Curve

A period of growth, followed by an intermediate period with minimal growth, followed by a sudden burst of rapid growth and development. Common pattern in blueberries, peaches, and grapes.

Things that influence fruit growth and development:

- Genetics - Things such as cultivar, rootstock, and age.
- Environment - Things such as light, irrigation, and temperature.
- Cultural - Horticulture (i.e. thinning, pruning, training, pollination, nutrition, and soil.
- Cultural factors are all that we

Things to consider for orchard site selection:

Soil characteristics, topography, climate, proximity to water, and proximity to market.

Ideal soil pH?

between 6 and 7

Which fruit crop prefers lower pH levels?

Blueberries

____________ lowers pH.

Sulfur

____________ raises pH.

Lime

Avoid excessive nutrition, it can affect:

-Root development.
-Allows more precise grower controlled nutrient administration.
-Nitrogen rich soil promotes vegetative growth, not fruit growth

T/F Microbiomes tend to coevolve with production plants.

true

Replant disease/"tired soil can be prevented by:

Can be fought by replanting previous tree aisles with new rows and allow for previous rows to become aisles in an orchard.

What are the types of dry dehiscent fruits?

#NAME?

Follicle:

#NAME?

Legume:

#NAME?

Silique:

#NAME?

Capsule:

#NAME?

Septicidal:

Splits along septa
Eg: Yucca

Loculicidal:

splits along locule
Eg: Iris

Circumscissile:

Opens by a lid
Eg: Portulaca

Poricidal:

Opens by small pore.
Eg: Poppy

Types of dry indehiscent fruit:

#NAME?

Achene:

-Fruit small; thin walled
-one seed
-seed attached to fruit at one point only
Eg: Sunflower, (true fruit in strawberry)

Caryopsis/grain:

#NAME?

Samara:

#NAME?

Nuts:

-Fruit has a hard pericarp
-one seeded
-Eg: pecans, walnuts, hazlenuts
(Similar to drupes, drupaceous nuts- "fake nuts".)

Aggregate:

Derived from many flowers
-all flowers on one stalk
-group of many individual fruits along with the inflorescence stalk

Accessory Fruit:

#NAME?

What is growth?

Change in the size of the fruit?

What is development?

A change in stage/phase.

Can growth and development occur together?

Yes. Development can occur after growth stops. (Eg: Fruit ripening)

How do you measure growth and development?

Weight, length, diameter, volume, circumference, and surface area.
Usually, weight and volume are the best measurements

Sigmoid curve:

Cell division is followed by cell expansion. Common pattern in apples.

Double Sigmoid Curve

A period of growth, followed by an intermediate period with minimal growth, followed by a sudden burst of rapid growth and development. Common pattern in blueberries, peaches, and grapes.

Things that influence fruit growth and development:

- Genetics - Things such as cultivar, rootstock, and age.
- Environment - Things such as light, irrigation, and temperature.
- Cultural - Horticulture (i.e. thinning, pruning, training, pollination, nutrition, and soil.
- Cultural factors are all that we

Things to consider for orchard site selection:

Soil characteristics, topography, climate, proximity to water, and proximity to market.

Ideal soil pH?

between 6 and 7

Which fruit crop prefers lower pH levels?

Blueberries

____________ lowers pH.

Sulfur

____________ raises pH.

Lime

Avoid excessive nutrition, it can affect:

#NAME?

T/F Microbiomes tend to coevolve with production plants.

TRUE

Replant disease/"tired soil can be prevented by:

Can be fought by replanting previous tree aisles with new rows and allow for previous rows to become aisles in an orchard.