Vitmin/Minerals

Vitamin A

stored in liver, carotene precursor

Riboflavin

B2, lost in UV light, energy release from protein, red cell production

Vitamin K

synthesized by bacteria in lower intestinal tract, forms prothrombin in liver aid in blood clotting

vitamin K

calcium metabolism

Vitmain E

tocopherol, one of the least toxic, resists hemolysis of RBC

Nicacin

B3 precursor trptophan, essentail in all cells for energy production and metabolism

Niacin

met. of Carb. PRO + Fat

Functions of Vitamin A

skin, vision

sources of vitamin A

yellow, orange fruits, dark green leafy veg, cantaloupe, fish, liver, carrots, fortified skim milk, apricots, sweet potato

Vitamin D

cholesterol is precursor, 7 dehydrocholesterol---> D3 cholecalciferol==> D2

Sources of D

sunlight, egg yolk, fortified milk

A deficiency

night blindness, nyctaolpia (reversible), xerophathalmia (not reversible), bitots spots on conjunctiva, dry, scaly skin (hyperkeratosis)

D deficiency

rickets (soft bones), osteomalacia (adults rickets)

E sources

veg oils, whole grains, green vegetables, almonds

E defieiency

hemolytic anemia

K foods

spinach, kale, broccoli, green leafy veg.

K deficiecnies

hemorrhage, affected by: mineral oil, antibiotics, anticoagulants

Thiamine

B3 lost as temp or pH rises, heat stable in acid

Thaimine

oxidation of CHO, increase CHO increase need, metabolism of pyruvate

sources of thiamin

grains, wheat germ, pork, liver

def of thiamine

beriberi, muscle weakness, foot drop, memory loss, tachycardia, increase plasma pyruvate

riboflavin func

energy release from protein

sources riboflavin

liver, kidney, meat, milk

def riboflavin

growth failure, stomatitis, sore throat, magenta tongue

cheilosis

crackeed lips

stomatits

mouth corner cracks

Niacin

precursor trytophan, e

niacin

essential in al cells for energy production and metabolism

fun niacin

metabolism of CHO PRO FAT

source of niacin

protein, peanuts, ready to eat cereals, chicken, yeast milk

Folate

PABA is precursor

func folate

DNA synthesis forms RBC in bone marrow, prevents neural tube

Panothetnic acid

coenzyme A- energy synthesis of FAT

Ascorbic acid

most easily destroyed struc. like glucose

ascorbic acid

changes proline into collagen which strengthen intercellular substances, wound healing, aids in iron absorb.

Bitoin

synthesized by intestinal bacteria

Biotin

coenzyme in FA synthesis, converts pyruvte to oxalocetate in gluconeogensis

sources of folate

fortified dry cereal, liver, kidney, green leafy veg, citrus fruits, lentils, beans

folate deficiencies

megaloblastic macrocytic anemia, diarrhea, fatigue

Pyridoxine

B6 isonizide antagonist, coenzyme in amino acid metabolism, deamination, transamination, increase protein increase.....

sources of B6

meat, wheat, corn, yeast, pork, liver, easy to eat cereals

def of B6

seizures, anemia, dermatitis, glossities, peripheral neuropathy

B12

cyanocobalmin, contain cobalt, bound to intristinc factor in gastric juice

biotin sources

liver kidney, egg yolk, yeast

calcium

most abundant mineral, reg. by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, acid, lactose aid absorb. calcitonoin lower serum ca by inhibiting bone reabsorb.

sources of calcium

dairy, leafy veg, legumes

ca def

hypocalcemia lead to tetany

b12 def

macrocytic megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia after gastrectomy or removal of ileum due to lack of instrinic factor

panothenic acid def

rare paresthesia in feet

def of vit c

scurvy, poor wound healing, bleeding gums, petechiae

myoinsotiol

inplants as physic acid related to sugar contains Phos vit like factor

cal def

hypocalcemia leads to tent any

iron

acid helps with absor., part of HGB

food iron

ferric

absorable iron

ferrous

stored

ferritin

iron sources

heme: anmial, meat, fish poultry, non heme: cereals, veg, poorly absorb, aided by gastric juice. cal helps if oxalates are present

Phos

part of DNA, RNa and ATP

mag.

protein in FA synthesis, stabilizes struc of ATP,.

iron def

pale tongue, fatigue, anemia, spoon shaped nails, pale conjunctivae

phos def

rare

phos func

phospholipids transport fat through lymph and blood, bone + teeth

mag foods

most foods, milk, bread

zinc

taste, excess leads to copper or iron def.

iodine

part of thyroxine

def of mag

tremors rare

phos foods

meat, milk, poultry, eggs, fish, cheese, animal

fluoride

teeth, bones,

fluid source

soil, water

zinc func

increases taste acuity, enhances insulin action, stabilizes DNA RNA, cell division

fluoride def

dental caries

zinc def

reduced immune func, alopecia, poor wound healing, hypogeusia

alopecia

sudden hair loss starts with one or more circular bald patches

hypogeusia

reduced ability to taste things, to taste sweet, sour, bitter or salty substances

ageusia

complete lack of taste

iodine foods

seas foods, iodized salt

copper

attached to protein ceruloplasmin

selenium

cooperates with Vit E

copper fun

aids iron absorb

selcium func

antixoxidant , tissue respiration

iodine def

goiter

copper sources

kidney, liver, shellfish

selenium sources

soil, grains, meat, fish, poultry, dairy

maganese

CNS

def of copper

rare, microcytic anemia, neutropenia, wilsons disease, low serum copper, genetic absence of liver enzyme

selenum def.

myalgia, cardiac myopathy

myalgia

pain in muscle or group of muscles

maganese foods

whole grains, legumes, nuts

chromium

absorpt, enhanced by vitamin C, niacin

cobalt

exists with B12 stored in liver

sulfer

part of A.A. cysteine, cystine, methionine

maganese def

unlikley

chromium

aid in insulin action, glucose metabolism

cobalt def.

related to B12 def.

sulfer sources

meat, fish, eggs, poultry, animal

cardomyopathy

inheritied disease of heart muscle

chromum foods

yeast, oysters, potatoes, liver

choline

component of lecithin, transports lipids as acetylcholine

chromium def.

insulin resistance

choline foods

fats in eggs, milk, liver, soybeans