Vitamin A
stored in liver, carotene precursor
Riboflavin
B2, lost in UV light, energy release from protein, red cell production
Vitamin K
synthesized by bacteria in lower intestinal tract, forms prothrombin in liver aid in blood clotting
vitamin K
calcium metabolism
Vitmain E
tocopherol, one of the least toxic, resists hemolysis of RBC
Nicacin
B3 precursor trptophan, essentail in all cells for energy production and metabolism
Niacin
met. of Carb. PRO + Fat
Functions of Vitamin A
skin, vision
sources of vitamin A
yellow, orange fruits, dark green leafy veg, cantaloupe, fish, liver, carrots, fortified skim milk, apricots, sweet potato
Vitamin D
cholesterol is precursor, 7 dehydrocholesterol---> D3 cholecalciferol==> D2
Sources of D
sunlight, egg yolk, fortified milk
A deficiency
night blindness, nyctaolpia (reversible), xerophathalmia (not reversible), bitots spots on conjunctiva, dry, scaly skin (hyperkeratosis)
D deficiency
rickets (soft bones), osteomalacia (adults rickets)
E sources
veg oils, whole grains, green vegetables, almonds
E defieiency
hemolytic anemia
K foods
spinach, kale, broccoli, green leafy veg.
K deficiecnies
hemorrhage, affected by: mineral oil, antibiotics, anticoagulants
Thiamine
B3 lost as temp or pH rises, heat stable in acid
Thaimine
oxidation of CHO, increase CHO increase need, metabolism of pyruvate
sources of thiamin
grains, wheat germ, pork, liver
def of thiamine
beriberi, muscle weakness, foot drop, memory loss, tachycardia, increase plasma pyruvate
riboflavin func
energy release from protein
sources riboflavin
liver, kidney, meat, milk
def riboflavin
growth failure, stomatitis, sore throat, magenta tongue
cheilosis
crackeed lips
stomatits
mouth corner cracks
Niacin
precursor trytophan, e
niacin
essential in al cells for energy production and metabolism
fun niacin
metabolism of CHO PRO FAT
source of niacin
protein, peanuts, ready to eat cereals, chicken, yeast milk
Folate
PABA is precursor
func folate
DNA synthesis forms RBC in bone marrow, prevents neural tube
Panothetnic acid
coenzyme A- energy synthesis of FAT
Ascorbic acid
most easily destroyed struc. like glucose
ascorbic acid
changes proline into collagen which strengthen intercellular substances, wound healing, aids in iron absorb.
Bitoin
synthesized by intestinal bacteria
Biotin
coenzyme in FA synthesis, converts pyruvte to oxalocetate in gluconeogensis
sources of folate
fortified dry cereal, liver, kidney, green leafy veg, citrus fruits, lentils, beans
folate deficiencies
megaloblastic macrocytic anemia, diarrhea, fatigue
Pyridoxine
B6 isonizide antagonist, coenzyme in amino acid metabolism, deamination, transamination, increase protein increase.....
sources of B6
meat, wheat, corn, yeast, pork, liver, easy to eat cereals
def of B6
seizures, anemia, dermatitis, glossities, peripheral neuropathy
B12
cyanocobalmin, contain cobalt, bound to intristinc factor in gastric juice
biotin sources
liver kidney, egg yolk, yeast
calcium
most abundant mineral, reg. by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, acid, lactose aid absorb. calcitonoin lower serum ca by inhibiting bone reabsorb.
sources of calcium
dairy, leafy veg, legumes
ca def
hypocalcemia lead to tetany
b12 def
macrocytic megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia after gastrectomy or removal of ileum due to lack of instrinic factor
panothenic acid def
rare paresthesia in feet
def of vit c
scurvy, poor wound healing, bleeding gums, petechiae
myoinsotiol
inplants as physic acid related to sugar contains Phos vit like factor
cal def
hypocalcemia leads to tent any
iron
acid helps with absor., part of HGB
food iron
ferric
absorable iron
ferrous
stored
ferritin
iron sources
heme: anmial, meat, fish poultry, non heme: cereals, veg, poorly absorb, aided by gastric juice. cal helps if oxalates are present
Phos
part of DNA, RNa and ATP
mag.
protein in FA synthesis, stabilizes struc of ATP,.
iron def
pale tongue, fatigue, anemia, spoon shaped nails, pale conjunctivae
phos def
rare
phos func
phospholipids transport fat through lymph and blood, bone + teeth
mag foods
most foods, milk, bread
zinc
taste, excess leads to copper or iron def.
iodine
part of thyroxine
def of mag
tremors rare
phos foods
meat, milk, poultry, eggs, fish, cheese, animal
fluoride
teeth, bones,
fluid source
soil, water
zinc func
increases taste acuity, enhances insulin action, stabilizes DNA RNA, cell division
fluoride def
dental caries
zinc def
reduced immune func, alopecia, poor wound healing, hypogeusia
alopecia
sudden hair loss starts with one or more circular bald patches
hypogeusia
reduced ability to taste things, to taste sweet, sour, bitter or salty substances
ageusia
complete lack of taste
iodine foods
seas foods, iodized salt
copper
attached to protein ceruloplasmin
selenium
cooperates with Vit E
copper fun
aids iron absorb
selcium func
antixoxidant , tissue respiration
iodine def
goiter
copper sources
kidney, liver, shellfish
selenium sources
soil, grains, meat, fish, poultry, dairy
maganese
CNS
def of copper
rare, microcytic anemia, neutropenia, wilsons disease, low serum copper, genetic absence of liver enzyme
selenum def.
myalgia, cardiac myopathy
myalgia
pain in muscle or group of muscles
maganese foods
whole grains, legumes, nuts
chromium
absorpt, enhanced by vitamin C, niacin
cobalt
exists with B12 stored in liver
sulfer
part of A.A. cysteine, cystine, methionine
maganese def
unlikley
chromium
aid in insulin action, glucose metabolism
cobalt def.
related to B12 def.
sulfer sources
meat, fish, eggs, poultry, animal
cardomyopathy
inheritied disease of heart muscle
chromum foods
yeast, oysters, potatoes, liver
choline
component of lecithin, transports lipids as acetylcholine
chromium def.
insulin resistance
choline foods
fats in eggs, milk, liver, soybeans