Substrate
The surface or material on or from which an organism lives, grows, or obtains its nourishment
Pictograph
Elementary pictures or sketches that represent the things depicted. They were used as the earliest known form of writing, examples having been discovered in Egypt and Mesopotamia from before 3000 BC
Petroglyph
carved or scratched signs or simple figures on rock
Ideograph
Symbols to represent ideas or concepts
Scribe
A person who copies out documents, especially one employed to do this before printing was invented
Mesopotamia
The land between rivers," was the cradle of civilization
Sumerians
The leap from village culture to high civilization occurred after they arrived in Mesopotamia near the end of the fourth millennium BCE.
Ziggurat
A stepped temple compound, dominated the city
Cuneiform
Pictographs evolved into an abstract sign writing called ___ that came from the Latin word for "wedge-shaped.
Rebus Writing
Pictures and/or pictographs representing words and syllables with the same or similar sound as the object depicted
Phonogram
Graphic symbols for sounds
Edubba
Writing school or "tablet house
Stele
An inscribed or carved stone or slab used for commemorative purposes
Cylinder Seal
Provided a forgery-profs method for sealing documents and proving their authenticity
Hieroglyphics
Egyptians retained their picture writing system called ___ that is Greek for "sacred carving
Rosetta Stone
Black slab that bears an inscription in two languages and three scripts: Egyptian hieroglyphics, Egyptian demotic script, and Greek.
Determinatives
Signs that determined how the preceding glyphs should be interpreted
Cartouche
An oval frame around the glyph of an important figure, also the French word for "bullet," the frame's shape
Papyrus
A paper like substrate for manuscripts
Verso
Finished papyrus sheets had a bottom surface of vertical fibers called___
Recto
Finished papyrus sheets had an upper surface of horizontal fibers called ___
Hieratic Script
A pen-stroke simplification of the hieroglyphic book hand, for use in religious writings
Demotic Script
More abstract script came into secular use for commercial and legal writing
Papyrus Manuscripts
Where words and pictures where combined to communicate information
Coffin Texts
All surfaces of the wooden coffin and/or stone sarcophagus were covered with writings and often illustrated with pictures of possessions for use in the afterlife
The Book of the Dead
Written in first person narrative by the deceased and placed in the tomb to help triumph over the dangers of the underworld
Hammurabi
An artifact of the Babylonian culture written in careful uniform that contains a code of laws and consequences for violating them
Dr. Thomas Young Hieroglyphics
In 1819 ____ proved that the direction in which the glyphs animals and people faced was the direction from which hieroglyphics should be read and that the cartouche for Ptolemy occurred level times.
Jean-Fracois Champollion
The major deciphering of the Rosetta Stone hieroglyphs was done by ____