What is this picture?
Christ in majesty Santa Maria de Muir in spain. Shows byzantine formality, symmetry and placement, but no mosiac.
What is the architectural goal for gothic churches?
The quest for height and light.
Where did the gothic style originate?
France, at St. Denis under Abbot Sugar with the use of rib vault, pointed arches and stained glass windows.
What turmoil took place during the Gothic period
In 1337 The Hundred Year War began between London and England. The Black Death killed at least a quarter of the people in Western Europe. The Great Schism from 1378 to 1417 with opposing popes in Rome and Southern France.
Which period, romanesque or gothic was stained glass used?
gothic
What two architectural element allowed stained glass to be used
Flying buttresses and rib vaults.
Altarpiece
a panel, sculpted or painted, situated above and behind an altar
armature
The crossed or diagonal arches that form the skeletal framework of a Gothic rib vault. A support framework for the clay to help it hold its shape until it begins to harden.
Breviary
A Christian religious book that contains daily prayers and psalms.
Crenellation
Alternating solid merlons and open crenels in the notched tops of walls, as in battlements.
Crypt
A vaulted space under part of a building, wholly or partly underground in churches, normally under the apse or chevet.
Flamboyant style
A Late Gothic style of architecture superseding the Rayonnant style and named for the flamelike appearance of its pointed bar tracery.
Gothic
A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 14th centuries. Originally derogatory.
Hellenkirche
A hall church. A church design favored in Germany, but also used elsewhere, in which the aisles rise to the same height as the nave.
Lancet
In gothic architecture, a tall narrow window ending in a pointed arch., In Gothic architecture, a tall narrow window ending in a pointed arch.
Moralized bible
A heavily illustrated Bible, each page pairing paintings of Old and New Testament episodes with explanations of their moral significance.
oculus
An opening at the top of a dome, also a small round window in a Gothic Cathedral.
ogee arch
an arch formed by two s-shaped curves that meet at the top.
pieta
A painted or sculpted representation of the Virgin Mary mourning over the body of the dead.
Pinnacle
In Gothic church a slender upright spire at the top of a buttress or pier of tower, also used on church facades.
Rayonnant
The "radiant" style of Gothic architecture, dominant in the second half of the 13th century and associated with the French royal court of Louis IX at Paris.
Respond
An engaged column, pilaster or similar element that projects form a compound pier or some other supporting devise or is bonded to.
Which came first the Rayannet or Flamboyant style?
Rayonnet under louis IX.
What areas was Gothic Architecture found?
Western Europe. France, England, Holy Roman Empire.
Name two buildings that were secular that had gothic influences.
Hall of Cloth in Bruges and House of Jacques Couer.
Is unified space a characteristic of Romanesque or Gothic architecture?
Gothic.
What benefits did the stone vaulting of Romanesque architecture have?
It helped prevent fires, provided a majestic setting for relics, and enhanced the acoustics for liturgy and music that accompanied it.
What period does build it and they will come apply to?
Romanesque.
What are the general dates for the Romanesque period.
1050 to 1200.
What Romanesque church was the symbol of Christian resistance to Muslim expansion in western Europe?
Saint James located in Santiago de Compostela in Spain
Which Church did the Cisterians build?
Notre Dame of Fontenay. Great Builders. Church has a square east end without ambulatory or chapels. Walls are devoid of ornament, column capitals are plain. Nave is a single story.
What is special about the Romanesque Church Saint-Savin in France?
Hall church that provides enough light to see the well preserved murals on the nave's barrel vault ceiling.
Where is St. Stephen located and what ottoman/carolingian influences does it have?
Etienne France. Has a wood three story roof and alternating support system. 1050 -1057. Second story not a tribune. Not like O/C is the ambulatory around the choir and the 3 chapels opening onto it. Also introduction into stone sculpture.
Where is St. Sernin? And what are the features it's known for?
It's in Toulouse France. 1070-1120. It has longer and wider nave, double-sided aisle, transepts, groin-vaulted tribune galleries and ambulatories with radiating chapels. Used compound piers. Important stop for pilgrimages on way to Santiago. Geometrically
What was the first example of figure relief and who was artist?
Christ in Majesty. Bernardus Geldinus. 7 marble slabs representing angels, apostles, and Christ. Right hand raised in blessing, left hand on book, four evangelists in corner. Hallmark of Romanesque Architecture. Way of educating illiterate pilgrims.
Why is stone sculpture so important in the Romanesque architecture?
Stone sculptures had disappeared from are during middle ages. The term "romanesque" is partly due to the revival of Roman-like sculptures.
What monks became famous for their scholarship, music and art, and for building elaborate monastic churches?
Cluniac Monks.
What was the largest church in Europe for almost 500 years?
Cluny III. Had a 3-story nave (arcade, tribune, clerestory) 4 aisles. Nave was more than 500 ft. long and 100 feet high.
What order of monks did the Moissac monks join?
Joined the Cluniac order.
What is the Moissac church known for?
The cloister and the preserved romanesque sculpture. Large figural reliefs on the piers, historiated capitals. Pier reliefs portray the 12 apostles. The 76 capitals top single and double paired columns. decorated with monsters and reminders of chaos witho
What sculpture do most of the cluniac monasteries have in common?
Historiated (figures) Capitals.
Who are the Cisterian Monks
The White monks who rejected figural sculpture. Led by Bernard Clairvoix. Preached crusades against Muslims.
What is the South Portal of St. Pierre in Moissac cloister an example of?
Sculpture outside the cloister.
What types of sculpture do you find on the south portal of Saint Pierre at Moissac?
Second coming of Christ and judge of world. Flanked by four evangelists. Angel holding scroll. 24 Elders turned toward Christ like they would in Monarch Court. Pairing of old and new testament. cross legged stance, animation represents passionate nature o
How is tympanum different at St. Lazare in Autumn France from St. Pierre?
Sculpture of last supper. Four Trumpet blowing angels. Christ enthroned in mandorla. Souls of dead line up to await their fate. Two men carry bags and are symbols of the pilgrims to Jerusalem and Santiago de Compostela.Angels and devils compete at scales.
What monastery did St. Lazare belong to?
Cluny
What did the Tympanum at La Madeline portray?
This tympanum shows the pentecost and mission of the apostles. The converting of heathens. Shows instilling of holy spirit in apostles (outstretched hands)at the Pentecost. Different from second coming tympanum because not as grid like, shows regional dif
What church is more associated with crusades than any other?
La Madeleine at Vezelay. Bernard of Clairvaux called for Second Crusade in 1147, and Richard the Lion-hearted and King Agustus of France called for 3rd crusade in 1190.
Who built Notre Dame in Fontenay
Cistercians monks. Great builders, but austere. No sculptures. No ambulatory or chapels. Capitals are plain. Single story nave. No Clerestory. Light comes from large windows at East end. but did use pointed arches found in Cluny III.
What allowed for Gothic architects to increase height of nave dramatically?
Pointed arches which required less buttressing.
What art was not revived during romanesque times?
Painting.
What artwork was unprecedented during Romanesque era?
Frescos and illustrated books.
What church holds Moralia in job?
Saint-Sur in Gartempe.
What is an example of Romanesque Scriptoria\Cisterian illumination(before Bernard's opposition)?
Moralia in Job.Struggle of knight and dragons=spiritual struggle. Partitioning accentuates knights elegance. flowing sleeves indicate spirituality. Calm.
How many crusades were there and how long did they last?
There were 3 and they lasted from 1095 to 1190.
Who launched the crusades?
Papacy and French Feudal Lords. Joining of religious and secular forces. Warrior fought for God versus Chief.
What is painted on the ceiling at Saint-Savin the Hall church?
The Pentateuch. (opening five books of the Old testament)
What is painted in the transept, ambulatory and chapels at Saint-savin?
New testament themes.
What church is the home to the great pilgrimage in Spain
Saint James at Santiago de Compostela.
Where are there more mural paintings than anywhere else?
Catalonia, Spain.
What fresco was first painted in the region of Santa Maria de Mur?
Christ in Majesty, an apocalypse fresco where Christ appears in a mandorla between four evangelists. Like French and Spanish Tympana. The seven lamps between Christ and Evangelists represents seven communities where John addressed his revelation books.
What is the significance of the Morgan Madonna
The demand for relics made it acceptable to make statues in the round, but small. Named after owner J.P. Morgan.
Morgan Madonna
In early gothic architecture, how many divisions did the wall have and what were they?
Four; arcade, gallery, triforium, and clerestory.
In high gothic architecture, how many tiers did the wall have?
Three; arcade, triforium, clerestory.
How did the ribs change between early and high gothic?
In early gothic there were six ribs on the vault, in high there were four ribs.
What is the first church to be planned from the beginning with flying buttresses?
Chartres.
Chartres floor plan
Amien Floor plan
Reims floor plan
East Abbey church, Saint Denis France
Groin Arch
Sexpartite vaults
Rose window
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