Arcadia/Arcadian/pastoral
Images of beautiful nymphs frolicking in lush forests have been a frequent source of inspiration for painters and sculptors. Arcadia is a symbol of pastoral simplicity. European Renaissance writers (for instance, the Spanish poet Garcilaso de la Vega) oft
Grand Manner portraits
Grand Manner refers to an idealized aesthetic style derived from classical art, and the modern "classic art" of the High Renaissance. In the eighteenth century, British artists and connoisseurs used the term to describe paintings that incorporated visual
Reclining female nude tradition (and the classical tradition)
Rarely seen during the Middle Ages, the female nude reappeared in Italy in the 15th century.
Enlightenment
a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents inclu
Herculaneum/Pompeii
Mount Vesuvius had first erupted in A.D. 79 and had covered the ancient cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum in southern Italy. Excavation of the cities buried by this eruption began in 1748 and helped launch a popular mania for the ancient world, which in t
Unknowns
History painting is a genre in painting defined by its subject matter rather than artistic style. History paintings usually depict a moment in a narrative story, rather than a specific and static subject, such as a portrait.
industrial revolution
the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
orientalism, orientaliste
In the 19th century the Orientalism movement added another reclining female nude to the possible subjects of European paintings, the odalisque, a slave or harem girl. One of the most famous was "The Grande Odalisque" painted by Ingres in 1814.
picturesque, sublime
Picturesque is an aesthetic ideal introduced in 1782 by William Gilpin. Picturesque, along with the aesthetic and cultural strands of Gothic and Celticism, was a part of the emerging Romantic sensibility of the 18th century.
The term "picturesque" needs t
academic (pertaining to classicism, Academies, Salon exhibitions, Neoclassicism)
Academic art is a style of painting and sculpture produced under the influence of European academies of art. Specifically, academic art is the art and artists influenced by the standards of the French Acad�mie des Beaux-Arts, which practiced under the mov
avant-garde
people or works that are experimental or innovative artistically.
The avant-garde pushes the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo, primarily in the cultural realm.
en plein air, pleinariste
a French expression which means "in the open air" and is particularly used to describe the act of painting outdoors. It can also be used to describe other activities where a person partakes in an outdoor environment.
Artists have long painted outdoors, bu
modernism, modernist
a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
flanerie, flaneur, flaneuse
Fl�nerie refers to the act of strolling, with all of its accompanying associations.
The fl�neur was, first of all, a literary type from 19th century France, essential to any picture of the streets of Paris. The word carried a set of rich associations: the
Louis Daguerre (daguerreotype)
he first publicly announced photographic process & the first to come into widespread use during the early 1840s. By the early 1860s, later processes which were less expensive and produced more easily viewed images had almost entirely replaced it.
The dist
Charles Baudelaire (The painter of modern life)
a French poet who also produced notable work as an essayist, art critic, and pioneering translator of Edgar Allan Poe. His most famous work, Les Fleurs du mal (The Flowers of Evil), expresses the changing nature of beauty in modern, industrializing Paris
photography (invention of, embrace of old traditions, impact on modern painting)
The middle class created a huge demand for portraits that oil paintings could not sustain.
neoclassicism
the name given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome. The main Neoclassical movement coincided with
romanticism
an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution.
realism
Realism was an artistic movement that began in France in the 1850s, after the 1848 Revolution. Realists rejected Romanticism, which had dominated French literature and art since the late 18th century. Realism revolted against the exotic subject matter and
impressionism
a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists. Their independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s, in spite of harsh opposition from the conventional art community in France.
Reynolds, Lady Sarah Bunbury Sacrificing to the Graces
In Lady Sarah Bunbury Sacrificing to the Graces and in other elegant full-length portraits, Reynolds found a way to combine portraiture and history painting. He incorporated Classical mythology into his portrayal of Lady Sarah Bunbury, who is cast as a ci
Gainsborough, Mr and Mrs Andrews, Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan
an oil on canvas portrait painted by Thomas Gainsborough between 1785 and 1787. It was acquired by the National Gallery of Art in 1937. Mrs. Sheridan (Elizabeth Ann Linley) was a talented musician who enjoyed professional success in Bath and London before
Chardin, Saying Grace, Still lifes
a painting by the French artist Jean-Baptiste-Sim�on Chardin. Chardin made several versions of the painting, one of which was given as a gift to Louis XV. The subject of the painting is one of bourgeois, everyday tranquillity - Chardin's field of expertis
Hogarth, Gin Lane, Beer Street, Marriage a la Mode
Beer Street and Gin Lane are two prints issued in 1751 by English artist William Hogarth in support of what would become the Gin Act. Designed to be viewed alongside each other, they depict the evils of the consumption of gin as a contrast to the merits o
Joseph Wright of Derby, A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery, Iron Forge Viewed from Without
A Philosopher Giving a Lecture on the Orrery (Joseph Wright of Derby, exhibited 1766). An orrery is a mechanical planetarium depicting the movements of the planets in the solar system, with a light in the center representing the sun. In Wright's time, ''p
David, Oath of Horatti, Death of Marat
Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii, oil on canvas, commissioned by Louis XVI, painted in Rome, exhibited at the salon of 1785-Neoclassicism.
Oath of Horatii - best example of neo classicism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_the_Horatii#mediav
Vigee-le-Brun, Self-portrait with Daughter
Elisabeth Vigee Le Brun was one of the most successful and prolific portrait painters in history. By her own estimate, she executed over nine hundred works during her eightyseven-year life, which spanned from 1755-1842.
(self portrait w daughter) The drye
Chalgrin, L'Arc de Triomphe
The monument was designed by Jean Chalgrin in 1806 and its iconographic program pitted heroically nude French youths against bearded Germanic warriors in chain mail. It set the tone for public monuments, with triumphant patriotic messages.
Girodet, Jean-Baptiste Belley
In about 1797, Belley's portrait was painted by Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson (1767-1824), a former pupil of Jacques-Louis David,[2] and was exhibited in Paris in 1798.[1] In this painting, Girodet evokes the tensions of the period. Belley, standin
Canova, Pauline Borghese as Venus
Anotonio Canova was a leading light of the Neoclassical movement. The style, influenced by the archeological discoveries in Pompeii and Herculaneum
http://princessofnowhere.com/the-book/venus-victrix/
Benoist, Portrait of a Negress
Benoist was a French neoclassical, historical and genre painter.
In 1800, she exhibited Portrait d'une n�gresse in the Salon. Six years previously, slavery had been abolished, and this image became a symbol for women's emancipation and black people's righ
Ingres, Grande Odalisque
In the 19th century the Orientalism movement added another reclining female nude to the possible subjects of European paintings, the odalisque, a slave or harem girl. One of the most famous was "The Grande Odalisque" painted by Ingres in 1814.
Fuseli, Nightmare
The Nightmare is a 1781 oil painting by Anglo- Swiss artist Henry Fuseli (1741-1825). Since its creation, it has remained Fuseli's best-known work. With its first exhibition in 1782 at the Royal Academy of London, the image became famous; an engraved vers
Goya, Saturn Devouring one of his Children; Los Caprichos; The Third of May, 1808; Disasters of War
Goya was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker regarded both as the last of the Old Masters and the first of the moderns.
The Disasters of War: In the 1810s, Goya created a set of aquatint prints titled The Disasters of War. Although he did not make k
Gericault, Raft of the Medusa; Study of a Dead Man
Gericault was an influential French painter and lithographer, known for The Raft of the Medusa and other paintings. Although he died young, he was one of the pioneers of the Romantic movement.
Perhaps his most significant, and certainly most ambitious wor
Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People; Death of Sardanapalus; Tiger Hunt
French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school.[1] Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists, while
Friedrich, Abbey in the Oak Forest; Wanderer Above a Sea of Fog
Caspar David Friedrich was a 19th-century German Romantic landscape painter. He is best known for his mid-period allegorical landscapes which typically feature contemplative figures silhouetted against night skies, morning mists, barren trees or Gothic ru
Constable, The Haywain
The Hay Wain is a painting by John Constable, finished in 1821, which depicts a rural scene on the River Stour between the English counties of Suffolk and Essex. It hangs in the National Gallery in London and is regarded as "Constable's most famous image
Cole, The Oxbow
Frederic Edwin Church�Thomas Cole exerted a powerful influence on the course of landscape painting in the United States during the nineteenth century.
A wonderful illustration of this is Cole's 1836 masterwork, A View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Mass
Church, Twilight in the Wilderness
Famed landscape painter Frederic Church (1826-1900) had a long-standing love affair with the natural beauty of Maine, which he described as "magnificent both land and seaward." Over the course of three decades, he visited often, creating intimately scaled
O'Sullivan, Field Where General Reynolds Fell, Gettysburg, 1863
Along with Mathew Brady and Alexander Gardner, Timothy O'Sullivan was one of the primary photographers of the American Civil War. Using wet-plate glass negatives, a cumbersome and labor-intensive technology that did not allow for images of active battle,
Courbet, Burial at Ornans; Rocky Landscape Near Ornans; The Painter's Studio: A Real Allegory etc.
A Burial At Ornans (French: Un enterrement � Ornans, also known as A Funeral At Ornans) is a painting of 1849-50 by Gustave Courbet, and one of the major turning points of 19th-century French art. The painting records the funeral in September 1848 of his
Daugerre, Paris Boulevard; Still Life in the Artist's Studio
Paris Boulevard is a significant step in the development of photography. Taken in 1839 by Louis-Jacques Mande Daguerre, the photograph depicts a seemingly empty street in Paris. The elevated viewpoint emphasizes the wide avenues, tree-lined sidewalks, and
Daumier, Third Class Carriage
As a chronicler of modern urban life, Daumier captured the effects of industrialization in mid-nineteenth-century Paris. Images of railway travel first appeared in his art in the 1840s. This Third-Class Carriage in oil, unfinished and squared for transfer
Manet, Luncheon on the Grass; The Railway; The Boat; Concert in the Tuileries
The Luncheon on the Grass is a large oil on canvas painting by �douard Manet created in 1862 and 1863. The painting depicts a female nude and a scantily dressed female bather on a picnic with two fully dressed men in a rural setting.
The Railway, widely k
Couture, Romans of the Decadence
The work is a history painting, regarded as the noblest genre during the 19th century: it therefore had to represent human behaviour and convey a moral message. This painting is therefore a "realist allegory", and the art critics of 1847 were quick to see
Monet, Impression, Sunrise; Gare St. Lazare; Rouen Cathedral series
Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant) is a painting by Claude Monet. It gave rise to the name of the Impressionist movement. Dated 1872, its subject is the harbour of Le Havre in France, using very loose brush strokes that suggest rather than de
Renoir, Monet Painting in his Garden, The Swing, Moulin de la Galette
1873 Monet Painting in his Garden Renoir performed his most audacious experiments in light, color, form (or lack thereof) and brushwork on uncomplaining scenes of woods, gardens, water and land. This freedom of expression and his bold innovation as a colo
Caillebotte, Pont de L'Europe; Paris Street: Rainy Day
a French painter, member and patron of the group of artists known as Impressionists, though he painted in a much more realistic manner than many other artists in the group. Caillebotte was noted for his early interest in photography as an art form. Caille
Morison, In a Villa at the Seaside; The Cradle
Berthe Morisot was a woman of extraordinary talents who carved for herself a career within the art world of nineteenth century Paris. She was one of only a few women who exhibited with both the Paris Salon and the highly influential and innovative Impress