Thomas Eakins
US realist painter, Scientific eye for movement and anatomy
Painted "heroes of modern life"
People doing innovative and progressive things (i.e. Max Schmidt)
Thought women should be accepted to art schools
Fired for showing a nude model to female students
Impressionism
optical realism" An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing. subjects portrayed modern life from an upper middle class perspective. C�zanne, Degas, Monet, Renoir and others opened their own
Divisionism
a technique used by post-Impressionists such as Georges Seurat. The technique involves breaking color into its basic elements, painting in very small and regular dots. From a distance the multiple dots form an optical mixture of color. from a distance, th
Vincent Van Gogh
experimented with divisionism, impressionism, and modernity.
Interest in color and its emotional impact
Thick, sculptural paint handling create turbulent emotional energy and palpable surface texture
Often tilting perspective
Flatness/compression
Intense
Fauvism
1905,Paris. Fauvism was a short-lived movement concerned with the liberation of color and the formal structure of a work of art. Fauve is a title which means "wild beast." This group first exhibited paintings in 1905 in Paris. The leader of this group was
The Bridge
group of artists bringing together things from the past into the present in order to change, art, culture, and society. Almost utopian. response to germany's intense, brutal urbanization
Subjects:
Nature
Strived for the non-modern
The "primitive" (Africa,
Vassily Kandinsky
russian artist who was among the first to eliminate recognizable objects from his paintings. Believed in using rhythmic lines, colors, and shapes rather than narrative. Art w/ a spiritual quality
Primitivism
term applied to the widespread tendency among modern artists to scour the art of other cultures beyond the western tradition for inspiration. it implicitly makes a statement about the perceptions of relative cultural superiority and inferiority. the inher
Analytic Cubism
The first phase of Cubism, developed jointly by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, in which the artists analyzed form from every possible vantage point to combine the various views into one pictorial whole. Monochromatic color palette, objects only recogni
Synthetic Cubism
A later phase of Cubism, in which paintings and drawings were constructed from objects and shapes cut from paper or other materials to represent parts of a subject, in order to engage the viewer with pictorial issues, such as figuration, realism, and abst
Futurism
A movement in modern art that grew out of cubism. Artists used implied motion by shifting planes and having multiple viewpoints of the subject. They strived to show mechanical as well as natural motion and speed. The beginning of the machine age is what i
Suprematism
A variation of abstract art, originating in Russia in the early 20th century, characterized by the use of geometric shapes as the basic elements of the composition. "the supremacy of pure feeling in creative art" -Malevich
� The Zero of Form - t
Bauhaus
A German school of applied arts of the early twentieth-century. It's aim was to bring people working in architecture, modern technology, and the decorative arts together to learn from one another. The school developed a style that was spare, functional, a
Modernism
art that calls attention to the fact that it is art. was an artistic and literary movement of the early 20th century that championed experimentation, technicality, primitivism, impersonalism, aestheticism, and intellectualism.
Avant-garde
in reaction to the rigidity of academic training, some French artists began to consider themselves members of the avant-garde (advanced guard). They saw themselves working ahead of bourgeois society. Called for a small elite of independent radical thinker
Edouard Manet, Bar at the Folies-Berg�re, France, Impressionism
caf� concerts were popular with elegant members of society and avant-garde artists. barmaid stares off stiffly and formally with rolled sleeves from hard work. she is on display to be consumed visually and sexually with the rest of the goods at the bar. p
Henry Fox Talbot, The Open Door, England, Early Photography
calotype
chose to view photography in visual and artistic terms
shadows create diagonals that contrast with veriticals of arch.
nostalgia for rural way of life disappearing with industrialism
Timothy O'Sullivan, Home of the Rebel Sharpshooter, US, Early Photography
photography was used to document the Civil War
extremely difficult due to long exposure times and sensitivity of images, so photos were all of aftermath
staged image - sharpshooter wouldn't be in a trench
doesn't necessarily record the visual world withou
Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, Italy, Futurism
o Visualization of energy, movement, speed
o Lines of force
o Interpenetration of forms with space
o On a pedestal with negative space in between
o Reference to the past - Nike of Samothrace
Walter Gropius, Bauhaus Building in Dessau, Germany, Bauhaus Architecture
Paul Cezanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire, France, Post-Impressionism
created highly structured paintings of an ordered nature through a methodical application of color. wanted to "make of impressionism something solid and durable, lie the art of the museums". tree frames scene. blending of brush technique creates unified f
Marianne Brandt, Coffee and Tea Service, Germany, Bauhaus Design
example of collaboration between design and industry at the bauhaus. prototype for mass production in cheaper materials.
Rosa Bonheur, The Horse Fair, France, Realism
monumental scale of farm animals, considered "lower subjects"
highly praised at the salon
Pablo Picasso, Family of Saltimbanques, France, Rose (Circus) Period
hardships of existence in marginal society. psychologically withdrawn, and as uncommunicative as the landscape they occupy
Gustave Caillebotte, Paris Street, Rainy Day, France, Impressionism
Appears normal or rational, but subtle distortions of impressionism present
Radical cropping of man on the right
Subjects in motion
Study of light on umbrellas and water in the cobblestones
False perspective down two different streets, looking in two dire
Winslow Homer, The Life Line, US, Realism
subjects of heroic struggle against natural adversity
use of "breeches buoy" is a testament to valor and ingenuity of modern life
Romantic, sexy, emotional, exciting scene
exemplifies Heroism in modern life
Claude Monet, Impression: Sunrise, France, Impressionism
subject of modern life. rendered almost entirely of color, no foreground or horizon. middle or upper middle classes out walking, boating, and visiting the fashionable new parks in the city or places just outside of town thanks to Paris train system.
Franz Marc, The Large Blue Horses, Germany, Expressionism - The Blue Rider
animals more pure and primitive than humans. stronger connection with nature. sweeping contours reflect their harmony with surrounding hills. blue - spiritual color.
Vassily Kandinsky, Improvisation #28, Germany, Expressionism - The Blue Rider
believed sound and color were linked. claimed to be the first truly abstract art. different colors reflect different emotions. hoped his paintings would lead humanity toward a deeper awareness of spirituality and the inner world. wants the viewer to respo
Emil Nolde, Masks, Germany, Expressionism - The Bridge
studied tribal arts of Africa. masks from Africa and European carnivals. european nightmare full of horror and implicit violence. gaping mouths and hollow eyes of hideously colored and crudely drawn masks. juxtaposition of color for intensity and violence
Henri Matisse, The Woman with the Hat, France, Fauvism
deliberate color disharmonies. controversial at autumn salon because of its thick swatches of crude, arbitrary, nonnaturalistic color and its broad and blunt brushwork.
Henri Matisse, Joy of Life, France, Fauvism
large pastoral landscape depicting a golden age. nudes playing instruments, herding goats, lazing, loving, frolicing and dancing. similar to cezanne's Large Bathers. academic in scale and theme. flattened subjects, distortions of space, strong outlines, a
Edouard Manet, Olympia, France, Realism
title alludes to prostitute in a popular play, subject based on Venus of Urbino
highly contrasting with angular and flattened subject, cold and harsh color, and cat arching its back. puts the viewer in an uncomfortable position
Gustave Courbet, Burial at Ornans, France, Realism
massive life-size scale - suggetive of history painting with a worthy subject
clergy seem distracted and bored
huddle of rural mourners were the heroes of modern life
bored boy and distracted dog in foreground emphasize awkward, blundering, numbness of re
Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, France, Proto-Cubism
Avignon is a red-light district in Barcelona
o Controversial piece
o Depicts a scene inside a brothel
o Confusing spacial issues
o Fragmented and pieced together
o Sketched several studies that have more cohesion and story behind them
� Get progressively
Pablo Picasso, Glass and Bottle of Suze, France, Synthetic Cubism
tray or a round table supporting a glass and a bottle of liquor with an actual label. cubist composition. evokes a place (bar) and activity (viewer reading and enjoying a drink). newspapers deal with political chaos in Balkans pre-WW1
Pablo Picasso, Portrait of Henry-Daniel Kahnweiler, France, Analytic Cubism
example of analytic cubism
� No division between object and space
� Simultaneity - multiple points of view
� 4th dimension (time)
Georges Seurat, The Island of La Grande Jatte, France, Post-Impressionism
very large, contains only 11 colors and their tints and shades. jatte faced a lower class industrial area. subjects are lower middle class. the strolling man and his companion, the oarsman
o Idealized portrayal of very second class activities and people
o
Vincent Van Gogh, The Starry Night, France, Post-Impressionism
sky pulsates with celestial rhythms and blazes with exploding stars. contemplates life and death. cypress tree is symbolic of death and eternal life.
Kazimir Malevich, Suprematist Painting (Eight Red Rectangles), Russia, Suprematism
o pure forms seen as transcendent, metaphysical, liberating
o they could be used for anything
Camera Obscura
This forerunner of the modern camera was a tool for recording an optically accurate image, often of topographical detail. It is made out of an arrangement of lenses and mirrors in a box (or room) that is darkened. When looking through the lens, the view p
Daguerre
January 9th 1839 - photography is introduced to the general public by Daguerre
� Science will use it as a way to document and record
� Arts will use as another medium for self expression
� Within 3 months, thousands of "how to" manuals were prin
carte-de-visite
photographs used as visiting cards invented around 1854. Props and clothing were available to borrow at photography studios. Cards of famous opera singers were collected like trading cards today
Samuel Gross
Example of the modern hero
� Innovator of medicine and medical education
� Performing bone surgery in an amphitheater and leading teaching a large audience of students
� Focus of the painting is his shining forehead - literally highlighting intelligence a
Chronophotography
photography that captured movement. It had multiple exposures on one image. People used it to study actions (i.e. horse running - learned that all 4 legs leave the ground). Ford-ism/Taylor-ism - studied movements of factory workers to improve efficiency
painting en plein air
painting outdoors done by Impressionists. The popularity of painting en plein air increased in the 1870s with the introduction of paints in tubes (resembling modern toothpaste tubes)
Daguerreotype
one of the first types of modern photographs. People treated them as precious objects and were considered valuable. Was a more economic solution to portrait painting.
Calotype was invented in England about the same time by Henry Fox Talbot
Haussmann
Napoleon placed in charge of Paris. With other urban planners, he destroyed old buildings to cut broad, straight, tree-lined boulevards through both the center of the city, as well as on the outskirts. This allowed for easier traffic flow, better housing,
Salon de Refus�s
A salon which exhibits painter's works rejected by the "official" salon.
Autumn Salon - matisse, derain, rouault, and marquet organized to oppose the official salon every spring. housed avant-garde art until after WW1
Realism
It's members were avant-garde. Against a social and political backdrop a new intellectual movements, Realism, originated in novels that were about the lives of the urban lower classes. Realism in art was less of a style than a commitment to paint the mode
japonisme
type of primitivism. The French fascination with all things Japanese. Second half of 19th century. Impressionist and Post-impressionist were especially impressed with "exotic visual effects", bold contour lines, flat areas of color, and cropped edges in J
impasto
painting that applies the pigment thickly so that brush or palette knife marks are visible
fauve
a member of a group of French painters who followed Fauvism. Matisse, Derain, and Vlaminck
Louis Vauxcelles
an influential French art critic. To him are attributed the terms Fauvism (1905), and Cubism (1908).Vauxcelles coined the phrase 'les fauves' (translated as 'wild beasts') to describe a circle of painters associated with Matisse
arbitrary color
Commonly used by the Fauves. Color that has no realistic or natural relation to the object that is depicted, as in a blue horse or a purple cow, but that may have emotional or expressive significance
German Expressionism
shared the expressionist goals of Fauves. Their desire to express attitudes and emotions was very pronounced and sustained. They developed imagery characterized by vivid, often angular simplifications of their subjects, dramatic color contrasts, with bold
The Blue Rider
German Expressionist art movement founded by Vassily Kandinsky and Franz Marc. The artists selected the whimsical name because of their mutual interest in the color blue and horses. aspired to offer spiritual leadership in the arts
papier coll�
a painting technique and type of collage. With papier coll� the artist pastes pieces of flat material (paper, oilcloth, newspaper) into a painting in much in the same way as a collage, except the shape of the pasted pieces are objects themselves. Cubist p
Filippo Marinetti
an Italian poet, editor and founder of the futurism movement of the late 20th century. He wrote his artistic philosophy in his book Manifesto of Futurism.
constructivism
an abstract artistic movement in Russia after WW1. dedicated to working collectively for the good of the state. described themselves as workers who "constructed" art for the people.