Art History Ch 16 and 17

Early Medieval or Dark Ages

500 C.E. - 1,000 C.E.
-a time of great innovation that produced some of the most extraordinary artworks in world history

Art of the Warrior Lords

-Merovingian Fibulae
-Sutton Hoo Ship Burial
-Stave Church, Urnes
-Early Medieval crafts and jewelry

cloissone/purse

technique for jewelry making, cross between mosaic and stained glass, used only in mini scale
-Early Medieval

Horror Vaccui
Interlacement
Zoomorphism

Styles of craft art
-Early Medieval

Horror Vaccui

no empty space, all decorated

Interlacement

strands intertwining

Zoomorphism

imaginary crazy animals

Merovingian Fibulae

-clothes pin, common item to clasp clothing together, made of gold and precious stones, emblems of office and of prestige
-Early Medieval Art of the Warrior Lords

Sutton Hoo Ship Burial

-medieval tradition of burying great lords in ships with rich furnishings, identity of the king buried here is uncertain, coolest finding here was the purse cover,
-Early Medieval Art of the Warrior Lords

Stave Church, Urnes

-Viking artistic traditions persisted as seen in the intertwining animal and plant decorations
-made entirely of wood, steep roofs for snow, exterior made of wood staves
-Early Medieval Art of the Warrior Lords

Celts

groups in Ireland

Celtic monastaries

crucial to the survival of the Western world
-collected celtic manuscripts and put them in their library and made hand copies of them
-kept literary and heritage in years to come
-Early Medieval

Hiberno Saxon Period

Ireland and England
-Early Medieval

Insular Art and Hiberno-Saxon art

seperated

Lindisfarne Book

pages with intricate patterns/art and exemplifies Hiberno-Saxon art
-patterns are much more intricate than the Book of Durrow
-Early Medieval Hiberno-Saxon Art

carpet page

whole page given to just decoration

Book of Kells - Chi-rho-iota

-greatest achievement of Hiberno-Saxon art, monks displayed the book on church altar
-biblical text in abstract pattern, early-medieval metalwork, initial letters of Christ in Greek, looking closely there is humans and animals
-Early Medieval Hiberno-Saxon Art

Saint Matthew in Lindisfarne Book

monk drew picture of Matthew writing the gospel, no Roman illusionism, no naturalism, no background or depth, focused on line and color
-Early Medieval Hiberno-Saxon Art

Celtic High Cross of Muiredach

- one of the largest and finest early medieval crosses, free standing, presides over burial grounds adjoining monasteries
very tall (18 ft), the circle around the cross arms makes it Celtic, every bit of the cross is carved/decorated with people, depictions of Christ judging the world and his crucifixion
-Early Medieval Hiberno-Saxon Art

Carous Magnus/Charlemagne (Rome)

Dec. 25th 800 C.E.
takes trip to Rome, Holy Roman Empire

Aachen/ Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne

-first vaulted structure of the Middle Ages
-simple and massive geometric form, central plan of a royal chapel, statue of Charlemagne was on the second story called the gallery, as well as a throne
-Early Medieval Carolingian Art

Franks

most powerful tribal group in 800 C.E.

Carolingian Renaissance

sponsored by Charlemagne

Saint Gall

-purpose of the plan was to separate the monks from the laity, laid out using a module, monastery church was a traditional basilica
-had an additional apse and a transept (very rare feature), towers framing the ends of the church,
-Early Medieval Carolingian Art

Crucifixon book cover

made of gold and jewelry
repousse: hammered out
-Early Medieval

Monastery of St. Gaul

becomes plan of ideal monastery in the Western word
-module: 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 foot square: rule of measurement for order
-church is the long plan
-transept: used to make symbol and more space
-crossing square: used to plan out dimensions for church
-Early Medieval

Charlemagne

divides kingdom for his 3 sons which is later called the Ottonian Empire: Otto the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd ruled it
-Early Medieval

**Saint Michael's

Bishop BERNWARD built it, and was the bishop and patron of it
-used alternate support system
-triumph/diaphragm arches in the 2 apses, two transepts, multiple towers, entrances on the side
-Bernward commissions a bronze maker to make the BRONZE DOORS of Hildesheim
-relief column illustrating life of Christ
-Early Medieval Ottonian Art

pier

square column

alternate support system

column, column, square, column, column, square

Hildesheim Bronze Doors

-panels of imagery from Old and New testaments, at the entrance of Saint Michael's
-brings back HUMANS into art and tells stories in real human terms
-Early Medieval Ottonian Art

Gero Crucifix

-life-size painted wood, Christ is hanging and dead, REALISTIC (trying to be), most powerful characterization of intense agony of the early Middle Ages
-Early Medieval Ottonian Art

Reliquary

box to put little relics in, femur bone of Saint Luke
-Romanesque

pilgrimage

religious journey to a Holy Shrine

Pilgrimage Church

-Romanesque
-made everything bigger to gain more money and glory to God

bay

1/2 sections

nave

middle aisle

aisles

rows on the side

ambulatory

aisle that curves

radiating chapels

reliquaries with cool stuff in it (the semicircles off building)

Book of Durrow

-full pages devoted to embellishment
-four pages devoted to the symbols of the Four Evangelists
-Saint Matthew is pictured on a page with a frontal head and two profile feet which is Early Christian pictorial imagery
-Early Medieval Hiberno-Saxon Art

Hiberno-Saxon Art

-Book of Durrow
-Lindisfarne Gospels
-Book of Kells
-High Cross of Muiredach

Carolingian Art

-Coronation Gospels
-Eboo Gospels
-Utrecht Psalter
-Lindau Gospels
-Aachen
-Saint Gall

Ottonian Art

-Hildesheim Doors
-Gero Crucifix
-Lectionary of Henry II
-Gospel Book of Otto III

1. Art of the Warrior Lords
2. Hiberno-Saxon Art
3. Carolingian Art
4. Ottonian Art

Early Medieval Types of Art

Coronation Gospels/ Gospel Book of Charlemagne

-used light, shade and perspective to create illusion of three-dimensional form
-Early Medieval Carolingian art

Ebbo Gospels

-painter brilliantly merged classical illusionism and the northern linear tradition
-portrait of Matthew looks very much alive and vibrant
-Early Medieval Carolingian art

Utrecht Psalter

-one of the most extraordinary medieval manuscripts
-artists intention was to make it look ancient, figures literally act out King David's psalms
-Early Medieval Carolingian art

Lindau Gospels

-one of the most luxurious Carolingian book cover; revives the Early Christian imagery of the youthful Christ
-repousee (hammered or pressed relief) of Christ
-Early Medieval Carolingian art

Hildeshiem

-Bishop Bernward was one of the great patrons of Ottonian art and architecture, made Hildesheim a center of learning

Lectionary of Henry II

-golden background reveals Byzantine influence on Ottonian art (Otto II maries Byzantine princess)

barrel-vault

France and Spain

groin-vaults

Germany and Normady

thick heavy buttress, thick heavy walls and barrel vaults

typical Romanesque church

Saint-Sernin

-first example of stone vaulting
-transverse arch, groin vault, nave arcade, gallery, no clerestory
-example of pilgrimage church that expanded for the sake of money and glory to god

transverse arch

goes from one side of nave to other

groin vault

weight goes on 4 corners, produces more light and clerestory

Tower over the crossing
Big transepts to create more space
Overall heavy bulky building

Characteristics of Romanesque churches

Speyer Cathedral

used alternate support system and groin vaults, clerestory lets light come in

Norman Invasion on France
William is the leader
West work towers

1066

Saint-Etienne

buttresses help to shore up the wall, towers
emphasize the west work towers
exterior of church mirrors the interior=ORDER
used ribs for decoration
3 part ascending order

arcade

rows of arches

nave arcade, gallery, clerestory

3 part ascending order

Durham Cathedral

-POINTED ARCH: more efficient, more quickly decreases stress
-groin-vaults with ribs
-most decorative interior church in England
-3 part nave wall elevation

Pisa Cathedral Complex

-big bapistry and cathedral
-Romanesque because its big blocky looking, rounded arch, big, bold transept arms
-looks like an early BASILICA
-arcuated collanade, Corinthian order
-flat wood roof
-ROMANESQUE OUTSIDE, EARLY CHRISTIAN INSIDE

the Last Judgement

main subject of Romanesque sculpture

architectural sculpture

attached to the building

Gislebertus, Last Judgement

-center figure is Christ- right hand is good people, left hand is bad people
-the clergy was powerful because he could read and tell people what hell is like
-elongated features, denatured, linear patterns on drapery of Christ

tympanum, jambs, lintel, trumeau, voussoir, archivolts

Romanesque Church Portal parts

Portal sculpture

themed as the last judgement(death and torture), sculpture teaches people

elongated-very long stretched out
disjointed
denatured

Styles of Romanesque sculpture

West Tympanum of Saint-Lazare

made people fear hell and be better people

Bayeux Tapesty 1070-1080

-early form of newspaper
-Normans are telling the story

Bishop Bernward

commissioned building of church and doors

Norman and English

Decorative ribs comes from..

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Label the parts of the church plan

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Label the parts of the door

visitors go in side aisles and ambulatory while monks do their business (choir, pray, etc)
choir screen, very much bigger

How did the knew church solve traffic problem?

Great Age of Pilgrimage Church

Romanesque Europe...

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Romanesque Tympanum sculpture
-What's Romanesque about it?
-What is the style and context?

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Explain the embroidered book cover