catacomb
underground cemeteries
syncretism
merging ideas and images
basilica
meeting house"; early layout for a church
transept
either of the two parts forming the arms of the cross shape, projecting at right angles from the nave
nave
where the people sit
crossing
cross plan church
apse
circular space, where the alter is
clerestory
series of windows for natural light
476 AD
fall of the Western Roman Empire
Constantinople
named after Constantine, meant to be the new center of the Roman Empire
Ravenna, Italy
Eastern Empires administrative city in the west
central plan
any structure designed with a primary central space surrounded by symmetrical areas on each side
ambulatory
a place for walking, especially an isle around the apse or a cloister in a church or monastery
icon
smaller images with symbolism
The Iconoclast Controversy (726-843)
Backlash against images because it's thought people were worshipping the images, not God (false Gods)
Atrium
Outdoor area
Narthex
Where people who hadn't been baptized would stand
aisles
spaces between seats
Early Christian Art
c. 313-476 AD
Early Byzantine Art
C. 330-843 AD
Middle & Late Byzantine Art
C. 843-1453 AD
Illuminated manuscripts
Handwritten books; parchment vellum; heavily illustrated and used a lot of gold decorations
Codex
Marks a significant jump in technology
Parchment
Made from animal skin
Vellum
Made from the skin of younger animal skins, but need a lot more to be made?
Cloisonn�
enamel decoration in raised cells
Interlace
Combining organic and geometric lines into a swirling design
Sutton Hoo
Where most of the anglo-Saxon metal work is found
Staffordshire Hoard
Discovered in July 2009, became the most important discovery of the Anglo-Saxon treasures
Carpet page
Full page of decoration
Decorated initial
Initial that has been decorated (abstract)
Inhabited initial
Living things inside the letter
Scriptorium
Where manuscripts were created
Chi Rho
Means christ (x & p)
Charlemagne
Brought order back to the West; founded what later will be called the Holy Roman Empire
Aachen
Chosen by Charlemagne to be the center of his empire
Otto I (The Great)
emperor after Charlemagne
Westwork
Entrance is located on the western side
Gold leaf
Gold pounded into very fine sheets and then glues onto parchment
The Four Evangelists
Matthew (human/ Angel), Mark (lion), Luke (ox), and John (eagle)
Insular tradition
680-800 AD
Anglo-Saxons
700 AD
Carolingian Empire
800-900 AD
Ottonian Empire
900-1000 AD
Barrel Vault
A vault forming a half cylinder
Transverse arch
Parts breaking up a barrel vault
Groin vault
2 Barrel vaults at cross points- redistributes weight to allow for taller ceilings; 'x' like shape in ceiling
Pier
Upright support in a church, larger than columns
Compound pier
Central shaft with engaged columns
Bay
Unit of space within church; connected by arches
Arcade
Arches supported by piers
Rib Vault
Tracing of groin vault crossing, much more noticeable than a groin vault
Choir
Shape of Christian Cross?
Reliquary
Container for the piece of relic
Crossing
The intersection of a church nave and the transepts
Ambulatory
A place for walking, especially an aisle around the apse or a cloister in a church or monastery.
Chapels
Semi circular rooms on apse
Westwork
Entrance going to apse, between two towers
Portal
Door, entrance; especially a grand or imposing one
Tympanum
Relief sculpture above doors
Trumeau
Elaborately decorated column
Jambs
Outer sides of doors
historiated capital
Decorated column top (shows story)
Feudalism
Society broken up into 3 main classes: Peasants, Knights, and Clergy
The Crusades
Started by Pope Urban II, sending soldiers to fight Turks and liberate Holy Land from Muslim rule
Pilgrimage
A journey to place associated with someone or something well known or respected
William the Conqueror
Took over England and ruled from 1066 to 1087 AD
The Battle of Hastings
Harold (England) Vs. William (France). William supposed to be king of England. Harold was sent to tell William, but Harold decided to take the throne after Edward's death. William comes to England with an army to establish the rightful rule. King William
1066 Ad
When the Battle of Hastings was fought
Abbot Suger
Wanted the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis France built
Age of Cathedrals
1150-1250 AD. Included transitional Gothic Churches and High Gothic Churches
Guilds
Another word for workshop
Rose window
Windows in the shape of a rose
Lancets
Windows that look like the tips of lances
Buttress
Supports the arch so a thicker wall or post isn't needed
Flying Buttress
Support the wall but aren't touching the wall
Pinnacles
Small pointy tower
Trefoil
3 Leaves
Quatrefoil
4 leafed
gargoyle
Decorative water spout
Grotesque
Decorative Sculpture
Royal Portal
Entrances
Triforium
A gallery or arcade above the arches of the nave, choir, and transepts of a church
Bar tracery
Bars that separate the panes of glass
Rayonnant Style/ Court Style
To radiate light" Dark background accented with gold
Muhammad
Was originally El-amin; messenger of God (Allah).
The Night of Destiny
The night where El-Amin meets Gabriel and recited Revelation
662 AD
The year Muhammad was forced to flee, along with his followers, to Medina. Beginning of Muslim History
Mecca
A place of peace and spirituality, Muhammad eventually returned here after his exile with an army and took back the city.
Medina
Where Muhammad and his followers fled to.
Muslim
Someone who submits to God
Qur'an (Koran)
Main book of religion. "The Recitation.
Caliph
Successor/follower
Aniconism
Avoidance of images of Holy Figures
arabesque
Wall that is in the direction of Mecca
Mihrab
Ornamented niche in the wall facing Mecca
Minbar
Steps to a platform where a preacher would stand
Five Pillars of Islam
1. Belief in one God and that Muhammad is his messenger
2. Prayer-praying 5 times a day (morning, noon, afternoon, sunset, night) Facing Mecca
3. Fasting- giving up food and drink during the daylight hours in the month of Ramadan
4. Taxes- paying an annua
Minaret
Where the 'call to prayer' rings 5 times a day
Horseshoe arch
arch in the shape of a horseshoe