Old St. Peter's
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Early Christian
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Rome, 318-322
-Would become a model for future churches
-The first cathedral church and basilica founded by Constantine in Rome to honor the martyred St. Peter (first high priest of the Christians)
-Considered the most significant of t
S. Costanza
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Early Christian
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Rome, 350
-Mausoleum and chapel
-Built for Constantine's two daughters, Constantia and Helena
-Put "direct physical emphasis on the person or place to be honored"
-It has a circular ringed design and domed ceiling
-It was built of bric
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
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Early Christian
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Ravenna, Italy, 425,
-Coantained Galla Placida's (patron of the arts) sarcophegus
-Used the arch form for decorative purposes
-The maseuleum was made up of domes, barrel vaults, and glass mosaics.
-Ravenna becomes an artistically impor
Cathedral
The principal Christian church building that hosts a bishop. Literally translates to "throne of bishop"
-The building of cathedrals often symbolize both struggle and ingenuity
-The inside of a cathedral is often embellished.
Nave
The long central part of a church, extending from the entrance to the altar, with aisles along the sides; A long hall.
Side Aisle
One of the smaller aisles running parallel to the nave of a church and separated from it by a colonnade.
Apse
A domed or vaulted recess (projection), usually semicircular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a church.
**St. Peter was buried under and apse (similar to a tomb)
Clerestory
-The windowed part of a building that rises above the roofs of the other parts.
-In Roman basilicas and medieval churches, the windows that form the nave's uppermost level below the vaults.
-A row of windows in the upper part of a wall
Nave Arcade
The series of arches supported by piers seperating the nave from the side aisles
Mosaic
Art consisting of a design made of small pieces of colored stone or glass. Aesthetically pleasing way of allowing light into structures
Baptistry
A building used for baptism (an act, experience, or ordeal by which one is purified, sanctified, initiated, or named)
Mausoleum
A large burial chamber, usually above ground
Ambulatory
The passage (walkway) around the apse in a basilican church or around the central space in a central-plan church
Transept
The part of a church with an axis that crosses the nave at a right angle. It helps form the cross floor plan
Crossing
The space in a cruciform church formed by the intersection of the nave and the transept
Atrium
Central area in a building, used for baptism
Narthex
A portico (porch) generally colonnaded or arcaded that precedes the nave
Early Christian
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4th-early 6th centuries
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-The emergence and growth of Christianity in the Roman Empire coincided with the decline of Roman political strenth and the increased threats of Barbarian invasions
-This period of time sought an art and architecture which gave
Sant'Apollinare in Classe
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Byzantine
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Ravenna, Italy, 532-549
-Bell tower
-Open rafters
-clerestory windows
-No Seating
-Central space was for the procession
-Ambulatory was for everyone else
-Apse had thin marble for windows
-Image of Sant' Apollinare in heaven is above the aps
Hagia Sophia
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Major Structure
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Byzantine
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Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey), 532-537
-By Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus
-Most famous example of Byzantine architecture,
-It was ruined by rioters
-It was rebuilt by Justinian
-Became a mosque in 1453 A
St. Vitale
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Byzantine
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Ravenna, Italy 538-548/Users/owner2/Desktop/plan-labeled.gif
-Basilica
-Octagonal plan
-Central dome space
-Built under direction of Justinian to show his power
-Roman elements: the dome, shape of doorways, and stepped towers
-Byzantine ele
S. Marco
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Byzantine
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Venice, Italy rebuilt starting in 1063
-Nave
-Mosaic
-Marble
-Domes
-Pendentives
Pendentive
A construction shaped like a triangle that transitions the space between square walls and the base of a round dome
Gallery
a covered corridor (especially one extending along the wall of a building and supported with arches or columns)
Half-dome
a dome 'split', used in niches and alongside other domes with pendentives. used in byzantine and later, roman architecture.
Buttress
a support or prop
Latin Cross Plan
a cross-shaped building plan, incorporating one longer stem (nave) and three arms of equal length. The common form for a Christian church.
Centralized Plan
A plan that is basically radially symetrical (like a circle or a square or a snowflake) usually with a central dome, an ambulatory, pendentives, and lunettes
Longitudinal Plan
any structure designed with a rectangular shape; the nave is longer than the transept, and in which parts are symmetrical against an axis; ex: basilica
Greek Cross Plan
Church plan with a square central mass and four arms of equal length (Byzantine)
Dome of Rock
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Islamic Art
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Jerusalem 687-691
-1st major work of Islamic architecture
-resting on a plateau that is sacred for all 3 religions
-Dome with ambulatories around it
-Corinthian capitals
-No images of gods, animals, or humans on any mosques
-Just decoratio
Masjid-I-Shah
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Islamic Art
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Isfahan, Iran, 1611-1630
-Has courtyard
-Half dome entrance
-Blue tile outside dome which is symbolic of heaven**
-Minbar (platform for leader of prayer) next to the Mihrab
-Has bazaar (marketplace)
-Shan mosque
Taj Mahal
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Major Structure
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Islamic Art
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Agra, India, 1631-1647
-Shah Jehan built this tomb for his wife who died (her name is Mumtaz Mahal)
-Has 4 minarets
-Gateway is red sandstone
-White marble makes it look like its glowing
-Sarcophagus is in the middle of
Mosque of Suleyman the Magnificent
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Islamic Art
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Istanbul, Turkey 1550-1557
-Built by Sinan (contempt architect who built the mosque)
-4 minarets, multiple domes(5)/half domes
-Flying buttress to support largest dome
-Courtyard, prayer hall, mausoleum
Great Mosque Cordoba
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Islamic Art
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Spain, 785 with later extensions 833-988
-Courtyard in front
-Great hall with columns
-It has a Mihrab and Qibla
-Minaret at mosque
-Arches were used in a decorative way
-Alternating colors in voussoirs
-Scalloped arches
-Use of classical
Muhammad
the Arab prophet who established islam in Mecca and then Medina
-He heard voices telling him to create new religion and created the 5 pillars
1. Recognize 1 god
2. Haj-Trip to mecca
3. Charity to the poor
4. Praying 5 times a day
5. Ramadan (fasting)
Koran
the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina
Mosque
(Islam) a Muslim place of worship
Usually has a gateway to courtyard (fountain, bath or pool for ritual washing) also has a great hall with columns that supper the roof
Qibla
Wall that faces Mecca that has a focus called the Mihrab
Mihrab
Focal point that directs one to Mecca
Minaret
slender tower with balconies, calls people to prayer
Horseshoe Arch
An arch of more than a half circle which is typical in Islamic architecture
Minbar
in a mosque, the pulpit on which the imam (leader of prayer) stands
Sinan
Greatest of all Ottoman architects; built 81 mosques including Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul
Palatine Chapel
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Carolingian
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Aachen (Germany) 792-805
-Odo was the Architect
-Chapel survives
-People gathered in atrium
-Centralized plan
-Octagon shaped chapel
-Groin vault in ambulatory
-Clerestory windows
Plan of St. Gall
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Carolingian
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Gal 817
-Self sufficient community
-Gardens, stables, winery, hospital
-surrounds church
-Some people were their to heal while others just worked for the church
-Sent to an abbot but was never built in Switzerland
Cloister
a courtyard with covered walks
Westwerk
Western towers of a carolingian church
Speyer Cathedral
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Romanesque
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Speyer (Germany) 1030-1061
-Has long nave
-Towers flank the apse
-Layout reflects St. Peter's
-Groin vaults were built later for the nave
-Clerestory windows above nave arcade
St Foy
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Romanesque
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Conques, France
-Abbey Church
-Vertical elements (towers) easily seen from distant views
-Entrance on West side
-Apse on East side
-Ambulatory around the apse
-East end was controlled by the clergy
-West end was controlled by the town
-Radi
Saint Etienne
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Romanesque
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Caen, France 1068-1120
-Abbey of the men
-Two towers
-New system where ribs were used on inner section of the barrel vaults, allowing clerestory windows
-Rib vaults allow less scaffolding
-Webbing of stones is then placed in between rib vau
S. Miniato Al Monte
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Romanesque
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Florence, Italy 1062-1090
-On plateau
-not a cathedral
-focus was on the west end
-no transepts
-nave and side aisles
-open rafters
-half dome over apse
-Entrance with white marble and black stone
Abbey S. Denis
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Gothic
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France. 1137-1144
-First gothic church**where gothic style began
-Abbot Suger was the Abbot of St. Denis
-in shape of a cross plan
-flying buttresses allow higher structures
-Pointed arch
-Abstract stained glass allowed for more light to shine