Neoclassicism : 18th - 19th c
- Revival of classical Greek and Roman art. Part of a reaction against Baroque and Rococo
-Artists : Jacques-Louis David, Angelica Kauffmann, Thomas Jefferson
Jacques-Louis David
-Neoclassicism artist
-Felt art should serve as a political purpose, which is why he rejected Rococo
-'Oath of the Horatii' : Story of virtue and the readiness to die for liberty. 3 brothers pledging to take the swords of their father to defend Rome.
-'De
Angelica Kauffmann
-Neoclassicism Artist
-Born in Switzerland and trained by her father
-'Cornelia, Pointing to Her Child as Her Treasures' : Cornelia is at the center of the work, talking with a jewels as if boasting about them, to which Cornelia replies that her children
Thomas Jefferson
-Neoclassicism Artist
-Spent 4 years in Europe as minister to France
-'Monticello' : Based on Palladio's Renaissance reinterpretation of Roman Villa Rotunda and Pantheon
Romanticism : Late 18th -19th c
-Occurred in Europe, characterized by intense emotional excitement, and depictions of powerful forces in nature, exotic lifestyles, danger, suffering, and nostalgia
-Celebrate nature, rule life, common people, and exotic subjects in art and literature
-Mo
Francisco Goya
-Spanish Romanticism painter and printmaker
-Rejected classical movement, painted people just as they are
-'Family of Chas IV' : Painted for King Charles IV
-'The Third of May 1808' : Focal point is this man, raising his arms in a gesture of helpless defi
Joseph Mallord William Turner
-Romantic Artist
-Loose brushstroke painting, focuses on elements
- 'The Burning of the Houses of Lords & Commons' : British houses of Parliament burned in a disastrous fire
Thomas Cole
-Romantic artist
-American artist who founded The Hudson River School and onsite painting
-'The Oxbow' : Broad, panoramic view, carefully rendered details, and light-filled atmosphere of paintings
-'The Voyage of Life, youth'
Painterly
Painting characterized by openness of form, in which shapes are defined by loose brushwork in light and dark color areas rather than by outline or contour
Realism : Mid 19th c
-Painted just as they saw, nothing else
-Based on the idea that ordinary people and everyday activities are worthy subjects for art
-Critics and most public saw Realism as the enemy of art and that photography was the source and the sponsor of this disast
Academic Art
Art governed by rules, especially works sanctioned by an official institution, academy, or school. Originally applied to art that conformed to standards established by the French Academy.
Salon
Official art exhibition in France, juried by members of the official French to the public
Rosa Bonheur
-Realism artist
-Influenced by her father Raymond who was a drawing teacher
-As a teenager she decided to become an artist
-The Academy forbade women from studying nude models, so she specialized in painting country scenes with animals
-Cut her hair and w
Edouard Manet
-Realism Artist
-Most important predecessor of Impressionism in French art
-Most controversial artist in Paris in the 1960s
-Work tends to be flattened with not a lot of shading and no sense of depth
-'Luncheon on the Grass' : Broke away from traditional
Impressionism : 1870s
-Named from Monet's Impression: Sunrise
-In France, 1st exhibit in 1874
-Paintings of casual contemporary subjects were executed outdoors using divided brushstrokes to capture the light and mood of a particular moment and the transitory effects of natural
Claude Monet
-Impressionist artist
-'Impressionism: Sunrise' : Painting that started the Impressionist movement
-'Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare St. Lazare' : Focus on the human drama of arrival and departure at the train station
-Painted the same subjects at dif
Pierre-Augusts Renoir
-Impressionism artist
-'The Luncheon of the Boating Party' : Groups of different people of different classes enjoying each other
-'Le Moulin de la Galette' : Contemporary middle-class people enjoying outdoor leisure activities
Edgar Degas
-Impressionism Artist
-Trained artist and called himself an indoor impressionist
-Experimented with different techniques of painting
-Loved the ballet
-'The Ballet Class' : Painting looked as if they were "cut off"
-Often cut figures at the edge and tippe
Mary Cassatt
-Impressionism Artist
-Born in Philadelphia high society
-'The Boating Party' : Resemblance to Japanese prints and casual composition
-Focused on women and children in paintings
-Befriended Manget and Degas and soon joined and he Impressionist movement
Auguste Rodin
-Impressionism Artist
-1st sculptor since Bernini to return to sculpting to the status of a major art form
-Traveled to Italy where he studied Donatello and Michelangelo's works
-Modeler in plaster and clay rather then a carver in stone
-'The Thinker' : I
Post-Impressionist : 1885-1900
-French reaction to the formless and aloof quality of Impressionist paintings
-Painters were concerned with the significance of form, symbols, expressiveness, and psychological intensity
-Artists : Paul Cezanne, Paul Guaguin, Georges Seurat, Vincent van G
Pointillism
System of painting using tiny dots or "points" developed by French Georges Seurat.
Optical Color Mixture
Apparent rather than actual color mixture, produced by interspersing brushstrokes or dots of color instead of physically mixing the,. The implied mixing occurs in the eye of the viewers and produces a lively color sensation
Symbolism
Europe 1885-2900 concerned with communication of inner emotional states through forms and colors that may not copy nature directly
Avant-Grade
Military theory that was applied to modern art, meaning the advance guards of troops that moves ahead of the main army Avant-grade artists work ahead of the general public's ability to understand
Paul Cezanne
-French Post Impressionist Artist
-Wanted things to be solid and long lasted
-Primary focus on landscapes
-Wanting paintings that are smooth transition and very photographic, but couldn't
-Unblended colors, and patches of colors
-'Mont Sainte-Victoire' :
Georges Seurat
-French Post-Impressionist painter and draftsman
-'A Sunday on La Grande Jatte' : Uses pointillism
-Stylizes his figures, stiff figures, not real natural
Vincent van Gogh
-Dutch Post-Impressionist artist who originally wanted to be a minister
-Cut off his ear, struggled with depression and anxiety
-Short life as an artist and studied from Japanese prints
Used strong color contrasts, shapes with clear contours, bold brushwo
Henri de Toulouse Lautrec
-French Post-Impressionism painter, printmaker, and illustrator
-'The Night Life', 'At the Moulin Rouge'
Edvard Munch
-Norwegian Post-Impressionist artist who studied in Paris
-'The Scream' : Image of anxiety, isolation, fear, and loneliness
-'The Anxiety', 'The Sick Child'
-Painted in long brushstrokes
Fauvism "Wild Beast" : Early 20th c
-Introduced in Paris characterized by areas of bright, contrasting color and simplified shapes
-Lasted little more than 2 years
Freed color from responsibility of its natural color
-Artists : Henri Matisse, Andre Derain
Henri Matisse
-French Fauvist artist known for his use of color and fluid and original draughtsmanship
-Wanted to use colors to show passion of life
-Expressive painter
-Intentionally direct, childlike quality of the form serves to height the joyful sculptor
-'Joy of L
Andre Derain
-French Fauvist artist, painter, and sculptor
-'London Bridge'
-Intentionally used discordant color
Expressionism : Late 19th - 20th c
-Emotional art, often boldly executed and making free use of distortion and symbolic or invented color
The Bridge
-German Expressionism that appealed to artist to revolt against academic painting and establish a new, vigorous aesthetic that would form a bridge between the Germanic past and modern experience
-Dissonant colors, chopped-out shapes, and rough crude brush
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
-Founded the Bridge Expressionism
-Architecture student turned painter
-'Street, Berlin' : Elongated figures crowded together. Repeated diagonal lines create an urban atmosphere with charged energy
Paula Modersohn-Becker
-German Bridge Expressionist
-'Self-Portrait with an Amber Necklace' : Reduced the curves of her head to flat regions and used color for expressive rather than representational
The Blue Ridge
-Founded by Wassily Kandinsky
Wassily Kandinsky
-Founded the German Blue Ridge
-Turned people away from false values, toward spiritual rejuvenation. Believed paintings should be a replication of inner emotion
-'Composition IV' : Colors and shapes vaguely corespondent to things in the world
Cubism : 1907-1930
-Developed in Paris by Picasso and Braque
-Based on the simultaneous presentation of multiple views, disintegration, and geometric reconstruction of subjects in flattened, ambiguous pictorial space
-Figure and ground merge into one surface of shifting pla
Collage
-French "Coller," to glue
-Work made by gluing various materials on a flat surface
Pablo Picasso
-One of the founder of Cubism
-Born in the Spanish town of Malaga to artistic parents
-Interested in the African and Oceanic sculpture that Gauguin did in the Fauves
-Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, and stage designer
-Spent most of adu
George Braque
-Developed the vocabulary of Cubism
-'Houses at l'Estaque' : Shows the beginning of the progression from Post-Impressionist style
-His shapes define a rush of forms that pile up rhythmically in shallow, ambiguous space
-'The Portuguese' : Portrait of a ma
Constantin Brancusi
-Modern Artist
-Toward Abstract Sculpture
-'Sleep' : Has a romantic naturalism scene to it
-'Sleeping Muse' : Simplified subject as he moved from naturalism to abstraction
-'Newborn [I] : Stripped to essentials
-'Cycladic II' : Journey back to pre-classic
Georgia O'Keeffe
-American Modernist
-Made mostly abstractions based on nature
-'Evening Star No. IV' : Abstract watercolor
-Based on her sightings of the planet Venus in the darkening sky
Futurism : 1909
-Grew from Cubism in Italy
-Futurists added implied motion to the shifting planes and multiple observation points of the cubists
-Celebrated nature as well as mechanical motion and speed
-Artists : Umberto Boccioni, Giacomo Balla, Carlo Carra, Natalia Gon
Umberto Boccioni
-Italian Futurist Artist
-Started as a signed painter in Italy
-'The City Rises' : Oil on Canvas
-'Unique Forms of Continuity in Space' : Muscles looks like flames and looks like a bionic man
Giacoma Balla
- Italian Futurist Artist
-Self taught artist
-Influenced by pointillism
-Concerned with capturing light in artwork
-'Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash' : Uses multiple limbs to show speed. Lady has 18 feet, dog has 8 tails
-'Abstract Speed-The Car that has Pa
Dada : 1940
-Began in Switzerland
-Ridiculed contemporary cultural and conventional art
-Many Dadaist later explored Surrealism
-Began in protest against the horrors of WWI
-Dadaists rejected most moral, social, political, and aesthetic values
-Thought it was pointle
Readymades
Common manufactured object that the artist signs and turns into an artwork
Photomontage
Process of combining parts of various photographs in one photograph
Marcel Duchamp
-Most radical of the Dadaists and 20th century
-Tried to push the limits of art
-'In Advance of the Broken Arm' : Signed shovel
-'Fountain' : Signed porcelain urinal with someone else's name
-'L.H.O.O.Q.' : Postcard of Mona Lisa with his signature and a m
Man Ray
-American Dadaist painter, photographer, and assembled objects
-'Cadeau (Gift)' : Iron that was displayed with tacks glued to the smooth surface of the iron
Raoul Hausmann
-American Dadaist
-'The Spirit of our Time' : Shows that having artifacts of our mass production turned us into hollow headed robots who simply receive and transmit information and are unable to think for ourselves
Surrealism : 1920s-1940s
-Grew out of Dada
-Officially launched in Paris when the publication of its 1st manifesto, written by poet-painter Andre Breton
-About representing reality in unreal ways
-Artists : Max Ernst, Salvador Dali, Joan Miro, Rene Magritte
Automatism
Action without conscious control, such as pouring, scribbling, or doodling. Employed by Surrealist writers and artists to allow unconscious ideas and feelings to be expressed
Max Ernst
-German Surrealist Artist who laid his canvas over textured surfaces so he could be surprised by the patterns
-Served in WWI and sill was able to paint
-'The Horde' : Silhouette monsters who tumble over one another in a violent scene
-'The Elephant Celebe
Salvador Dali
-Spanish Surrealist Artist
-Created art works that dealt with his nightmares
-'The Persistence of Memory' : Artist called this a self portrait. Paintings is a representational surrealism
-'The Face of War' : Face is pure misery, hand in bottom left is Dal
Joan Miro
-Surrealism provides suggestive elements that give wide play to the viewer's imagination, and emphasize color and design rather than storytelling content
-'Woman Haunted by the Passage of the Bird Dragonfly Omen of Bad News' : Tried to paint like a child
Rene Magritte
-Belgian Surrealist whose paintings engaged the viewer in mind teasing mystery and playful humor
-'The Treachery of Images' : Shows different of pictures and art
-'The Son of Man' : Wearing black overcoat and hat with an apple in front of his face, tried
Social Realism
Representational art that expresses protest at some social condition
Diego Rivera
-'The Liberation of the Peon' : Deals with a common event of the revolution. The landlord's house burns in the background, while revolutionary soldiers unite the peon from a stake and cover his naked body
-'The Mexican Revolution'
Frida Kahlo
-Mexican daughter of a photographer
-Used art as an expression of herself
-At 6 she got polio and left with one leg shorter and thinner than the other
-At 18 in a trolly car accident followed by ineffective ortho treatments and 32 operations over the cour
American Regionalism
-American realist modern art movement popular in the 1930s
-Artist focus was from artists who shunned city life, and rapidly developing technological advances, to create scenes of rural life
-Artists : Edward Hopper, Grand Wood, Thomas Hart Benton
Edward Hopper
-American Regionalism Artist
-'Nighthawks' : Shows Hopper's fascination with the mood of people in a particular place and time
-Interested in light, but to clarify and organize structure
-One paints deserted or empty subjects with one or two people
Grant Wood
-American Regionalism Artist
-Studied in Paris
-Identified with modern trends and began marking freely brushed paintings from Impressionism
-Paintings had restrained color, simplification of round masses, and high detail
-Stylizes of rounded shapes
-'Amer
Thomas Hart Benton
-Most forceful spokesperson for American Regional art
-Focus on common people of the land
-'Palisades' : Part of a series of paintings titled 'American Historical Epic.' Depicted the actions of ordinary people on the land
American Expressionism : 1940s-1950s
-Artist worked in different styles emphasized spontaneous personal expression in large paintings that are abstract or nonrepresentational
-One type of Abstract Expressionism is called action painting
-Influenced American painters to move away from realist
Jackson Pollock
-Leading innovator of Abstract Expressionism
-Took house paint and dripped paint to canvas rolled onto the floor
-'Autumn Rhythm' : Huge canvas with dripped thin paint on rather than brushed on. The huge format allowed room for his sweeping gestural lines
Action Painting
Style of nonrepresentational painting that relies on the physical movement of the artist on the physical movement of the artist by using gestural techniques as vigorous brushwork, dripping, and pouring.
Color Field
Movement that grew of Abstract Expressionism, in which large stained or painted areas or "fields" of color evoke aesthetic and emotional responses
Mark Rothko
-Pioneer of color field painting
-Gave up the figure and began to focus on color
-'Blue, Orange, Red' : Used color to evoke moods ranging from joy and serenity to melancholy and despair
Superimposed thin layers of paint to achieve a variety of qualities f
Helen Frankenthaler
-Pioneer staining techniques as an extension of Pollock's poured paint
-Experimented with acrylic paint, did not prime canvases
-Brushstrokes and paint texture were eliminated as she spread liquid colors across a horizontal, unprimed canvas
-'Mountains an
Assemblages
-Sculptures made by assembling found objects that may or may not contribute their original identifications to the total content of the work
-Work doesn't deal with recognizable subject matter
-Fer young artist began to acknowledge, confront, and celebrate
Edward Kienholz
-American Assemblages
-'John Doe' : Half of a stone mannequin rides on a baby stroller with his chest blown out, revealing a cross. Riddle at the bottom "How is John Doe like a piano? Because he is square, upright, and grand'
Jasper Johns
-His large early paintings were based on common graphic forms like targets, maps, flags, and numbers
-Interested in the difference between signs and art
-Signs have a dual role : Power of Abstract Expressionists forms in their size, bold design, and paint
Happenings
-Event conceived by artists and performed by artists and others, who may include viewers
-Usually unrehearsed, with scripted roles but including improvisations
-Cooperative event where viewers become an active participants in partly planned and spontaneou
Decoy Gang War Victim
-Created by Harry Gamboa Jr
-It looks like a dead body in the street, but in reality it is an artwork
-Took place in East LA where gangs have been in conflict
-Collective photographed the event and presented it to the media as the last victim of a gang wa
Pop Art : 1950s-1960s
-Developed in Britain and US
-Uses mass production techniques or real objects in works that are generally more polished and ironic than assemblages
-Pop artists wanted to challenge cultural assumptions about the definition of art, but also make ironic com
Richard Hamilton
-Pop Artist
-'Just What Is It That Makes Today's Home So Different, So Appealing?' : Hilarious parody of the superficiality and materialism of modern popular culture
Andy Warhol
-Pop Artist born in Pittsburgh to family of Ukrainian immigrants
-Did not invent pop art, but was most visible and controversial
-Began as a commercial artist, then began to rise in the ranks of designers, making advertising layouts
-Said he only shows us
Roy Lichtenstein
-Pop Artist
-'Whaam!' : Comic book panel
-'Drowning Girl' : Comic book image with bright primary colors, impersonal surfaces, and characteristic printing dots
-'Cold Shoulder' : Painting of a picture with air quote saying hello
Conceptual Art : 1960s
-Art based on the fact that a work of art usually begins as an idea in the artist's mind rather than making things
-Artists present us with enough information so that we grasp the concept they have in mind
Christo and Jeanne Claude
-Bulgarian artists
-'Running Fence' : Temporary environmental artwork that was a process and an event as a sculpture. 18 foot high white nylon fence ran from the ocean at Bodega Bay in Sonoma Country, California, through 24.5 miles of agricultural and dia
Earthworks
-Sculptural forms made from earth, rocks, or sometimes plants, often on a vast scale and in remote locations
-Earthworks are usually designed to merge with or complement the landscape
Robert Smithson
-One of the founders of the earthworks movement
-'Spiral Jetty' : Located in the Great Salt Lake, Utah. Natural surroundings that emphasize its form as willful human design
Andy Goldsworthy
-'Storm King' : Outdoor structure made from rocks piled together to make a wall
Feminist : 1970s
-Feminist seek to validate and promote art forms that express the unique experience of women, and to redress oppression by men
-California feminist tend to work collaboratively, and to make use of the media that have been traditionally associated with "cr
The Dinner Party
-Collaboration of many women organized by Judy Chicago over a period of 5 years
-Political statement about the supportive nature of female experience
-Triangular table that contain place settings or 39 important women who have importance to out history
-A
Nancy Spero
-Leader in East Coast feminist circles
-Participated in WAR and AIR
-'Rebirth of Venus' : Scroll of Venus split open to reveal a woman sprinter who runs directly toward the viewer
Orlan
-Most radical feminist in Europe
-Persistent theme is a woman's body as the site of cultural debate and struggle
-'Le Baiser de l'Artiste' : On a large black pedestal, on the left side is Orlan the Saint (photo from her strip tease in a nun's outfit) or t
Performance Art
Dramatic presentation by visual artists in front of an audience, usually not in a form theatrical setting
Ana Mendieta
-Cuban woman who used her own body in several works as a symbol of Earth and natural cycles
-'Tree of Life Series' : Coated her body with mud and grasses and stood against ancient tree trunks. Showed the essential equivalence between femaleness and natura
Postmodern : 1970s - 1990s
-Characterized by influence from all periods and styles, including modernism, and a willingness to combine elements of all
-Postmodernism makes no value judgements
-Not only influenced by the past, but also makes reference to the past styles
Kiki SMith
-Influenced by current events
-Portrays wounded women often
-'Ice Man' : Life-size cast in silicon bronze of a unclothed man in a frozen position
Banksy
-English graffiti artist
-Expresses a voice for those living in urban environments
Barbara Kruger
-Trained in magazine design
-'I Shop therefore I Am' : Position of the hand is to look like from an ad from aspirin or sleeping medication. Does our products define us?
Betye Saar
-'The Liberation of Aunt Jemima' : Stereotypic of a black woman in 1900s, pushing away from it
-'All My Troubles, Lord, Soon be Over' : Series of washboards from used images in the south for advertising
Street Art
-Not about making a name, but leaving a visual mark in public places
-Spray paint, LED art, stencil art, sticker art, wheat-psting, yarn bombing, street installations