The Twenthieth Century: The Early Years
Perpetual turmoil last 100 years
Important movements born late 19th and 201h centuries met
* hostile, antiseptic gloves of critical disdain
Courbets Paintings
Rejected by 1855 Salon: set up own Pavilion of Realism
he pushed the Realist Movement
Salon des Refuses
8 years later- Exhibition of works: Manet
Impressionist Movement
Founded by French artist of Salon des Refuses Exhibition
Impressionism
Coined by hostile critic- work was just mere "impressions" quick and easy sketches
Salon d'Automne
1905 Independent exhibition: distinguish from Academic Salons-Spring
French avant-garde artists:
*assaulted public
*bold palette and distorted forms
*Critic: Saw Renaissaance-type sculpture: blasphemous forms
*"Donatello among the wild beast"
*Artist adop
THE FAUVES
...
Fauvism
Van Gogh and Gauguin
Fauvist rejected
*subdued palette
*delicate brushwork of Impressionism (chose emotive qualities)
SUBJECT MATTER: Nudes, still lifes, and landscapes
Set apart:
*harsh
*nondescriptive color
*bold linear pattening
*distorted form of pers
ANDRE DERAIN-Fauve
One-Founder of Fauvist movement
London Bridge
Convergence of elements:
*19th century styles
*new vision of Fauvism
Outdoor Subj. Matter:
Reminiscent of Impressionism (Monet)
Unnaturalistic color (Gauguin)
NEW:
*Forceful contrast of primary colors and deli
Henri Matisse-Fauve
USED: Primary colors as a structural element
Reputation exceeded that of the movement
Law School: 21
*illness interrupted school
*started painting
Early paintings: strong and traditional compositional structure
First Mentor: Adolphe William Bourguereau
Co
Cezannes paintings 1907
revitalized interest 19th century artist
composition and constructive brush technique (odds with Fauvist manifesto)
Expressionism
Art movement Expressionistic: Germany
distortion of nature:
*achieve desired emotional effect or representation of inner feelings
*van Gogh and Gauguin (expressionistic)
*Fauves (expressionnistic)
*intimate portrayal of artists subject, colored (him emoti
Die Brucke (The Bridge)
Dresden, Germany (expressionistic)
Artist chose name:
*movement as bridging several disparate styles
*short lived (lack of cohesion among its proponents)
Artist:
*common interest in techniques and subj matter
*boldly colored landscapes
*cityscapes
*horrif
EMIL NOLDE (Expressionist)
Supreme colorist
Joined Die Brucke (year after founded)
ART:
DANCE AROUND THE GOLDEN CALF
*Frenzied brush technique
*clashing colors/lush strokes
*technique/complements the nature of subject
*biblical themen recounting the worshiping of an idol by the Isr
DER BLAUE REITER (THE BLUE RIDER) Expressionism
Emotionally charged subj matter (radically distorted) "Die Brucke art"
Group Name: Proponent Wassily Kandinsky (less on content to communicate feelings/evoke emotional response from the view)
WORK:
*contrasts
*combinations of abstract forms/pure colors.
*
WASSILY KANDINSKY (FOUNDER OF DER BLAUE REITER)
recognized first painter of pure abstraction
Russian artist (left law to become influential abstract painter and art theorist.)
Paris: visits (immersed in Gauguin/Fauves) inspired to adopt (Fauvist idiom)
Opened eyes:
*colors powerful capacity to communicate artist's inmost psycologicaal and spiritu
THE NEW OBJECTIVITY (NEUE SACHLICHKEIT)
WWI to a close and WWII loomed on horizon
Objectivity of the EnglishGerman Expressionism could be observed Max Beckmann
*horrors and senselessness of wartime suffering
*bitterly on bureaaucracy and military
*ghastly visions of human torture Fig 1-19
CUBISM (Second major art movement 20th Century)
Heritage:
*Neoclassicism
*analytical and intellecutal work of Cezanne
OFFSPRING of: Cezannes geometrization of nature and abandonment of scientific perspective, rendering in multiple views, empahsis on 2-D)
PICASSO-Driving force birth of Cubism
MOST IMPOR
Pablo Picasso
Born in Spain (son of art teacher)
Barcelona Academy of Art: mastered illusionistic techniques of the realistic Academic style
Age19: Paris (more then 40 years)
*introducing
*influencing
*reflecting
many styles of French art
MAJOR ARTISTIC PHASE: BLUE PER
Analytical Cubism
Co-founded by French painter Georges Braque 1910
Coined: hostile critic (responding to predominance of geometrical forms of Picasso and Braque)
Significant contribution: NEW TREATMENT of PICTORIAL SPACE that hinged upon the rendering of objects fro mmulti
GEORGES BRAQUE (Cubism)
Analytic phase (1909-1912)
Picasso/Braque art similiar
Early work: Impressionism then to Fauvism then to structural compositions (Cezanne)
Picasso/Braque worked together from 1914 (same artistic goal)
Theory reached peaked of expression 1911
ART: THE PORT
Synthetic Cubism
Picasso/Braque
*added characters (newspapers and magazines and found objects-labels from wine bottles calling cards theater tickets wall paper bits of rope
Technique:
papier colle-Collage
COLLAGE-MARKED THE BEGINNING OF SYNTHETIC CUBISM
ART: The Bottle of
Picasso
ART: Guernica
*mammoth mural
*Spainsh Pavilion of the Paris International Exposition of 1937
*German bombing of civilians in the BBasque town of Guernica
*gruesome details
*frenzied cry of one woman trapped in rubble and fire
*terriorized horse
*anguished
Cubist Sculpture
Cubism was born 2-D art form.
*manifold aspects of their subjects as if walking around 3-D recording every angle.
*intersecting planes (viewers perceive the many sides of the figure)
*Communicate all visual information
*medium-more natural to Cubism (view
ALEXANDER ARCHIPENKO
Innovated 3-D - Cubist sculpture-interpenetration of Cubist planes
*void space as solid form
ART: Walking Woman
Cubist principle
figure:
*fragmented
*contours are broken and dislocated
NEW: open space of head and torso
Abstract simplifications
recogition
FUTURISM
NEW MOVEMENT
Italy-Poet Filippo marinetti.
Introduced:
*violence
*energy
*boldness
free from tyranny of harmony and good taste
Painting/sculpture: glorify the life of today
"unceasingly and violently transformed by victorious science"
Owned: much of Cubis
UMBERTO BOCCIONI
DYNAMISM
*force/energy basic principle of all phenomena
ART: Dynamism of a soccer Player
*lines irregular/agitated (communicate energy of movement)
Futurist-obsesion illustrating images in perpetual motion also found perfect outlet in sculpture.
ART: Uniq
GIACOMO BALLA
Futurist suggest
*subjects were less important than portrayal of "dynamic sensation" of subjects.
ART: Street Light (pure Futurism)
*pierces darkness
*V-shaped brushstrokes (fan outward) (constant movement)
*palette-complementary colors forbid eyes to res
EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY ABSTRACTION IN THE UNITED STATES
IMPACT ON UNITED STATES/Europe:
*Fauvist and German Expressionists
Before WWI America:
* Realism
*Subjects everyday rural and urban life
Interest: European Modernism was brewing
291 Gallery-291 Fifth Avenue New York
American Photographer: ALFRED STIEGLITZ
*propounded/supported the development of abstract art in United States
Exhibited:
*modern Europena works
*American artist influenced by Parisian avant garde
*Picasso
*Matisse
*others
Supported: Georgia O'Keeffe
GEORGIA O'KEEFFEE
Painted flowers to city buildings to skulls of animals
Captured:
Essence: (Simplified their form)
O'Keeffee maried Stieglitz-1924
*painted enlarged flowers
ART: WHITE IRIS-
*magnified/abstracted details
*large canvas filled with fragment of intersection o
THE ARMORY SHOW: Most important modern art exhibit in United States in 913
291-Toulose Laurec, Cezanne, Matisse, Braque, and Brancusi European Modern Show
1913-International Exhibition of Modern Art
*69th Regiment Armory in New York City
*works by Leading American Artist
*impressive array of Europeans
*European Artist:
*Goya
*De
CHARLES DEMUTH
Following Armory Show:
American Artist Explored:
*abstraction to new heights
*maintain solid sense of subject matter/combo geometric fragmentation/simplification
Group of Artist: "Cubo-Realists" or "Precisionists"
*overlaid stylist elements
*from Cubism/f
EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY ABSTRACTION IN EUROPE
2ND DECADE/rise of dynamic schools of art in Russia and western Europe
COSNTRUCTIVISM AND DE STIJL (NEO-PLASTICISM
*dedicated pure abstraction
*nonobjective art
Nonobjective art: differs from abstraction of cubism or Futurism
*does not use nature as a poi
CONSTRUCTIVISM
Born in Russia (1917 Communist Revolution)
*pushed the limits of geometric abstraction
*3D-Features
*Geometric shapes and planes (constructed)
from industrial materials
*plastic
*metal
*glass
CONSTRUCTIVISM SCULPTORS:
*Challenged conventional materials an
PEIT MONDRIAN
Architecture: Expression in works of Gerrit Rietvelds Schroeder House
NAUM GABO
CONSTRUCTIVIST SCULPTOR
*Created works
*intersecting planes of metal, glass, plastic or wood defined space
ART: Utopian "column"
*Column bridges gap between fine art/industrial technologies
*symbolizes Constructivist advocacy the utility of art.
Postrevol
DE STIJL OR NEO-PLASTICISM
Theo van Doesburg
*born-Holland (7 years before Vincent vanGoghs death
REPRESENTS:
*Dutch/Russian Constructivism
*purity/precision of geometric shapes
*compelte abstraction of reality (lead to nonobjectie works
van Doesburg:
*like minded artists
*principa
Gerrit Rietvelds Schroeder House
Piet Mondrian: If work was Architecture
*found express here
*built early 20th century-inspire archtiects today
*literal translation of geometry and color to architecture
*broad expanses of white concrete intersect defining strictly rectilinear dwelling
*a
Constantin Brancusi
Sculpture:
versality (Mondrian)-extreme simplification
*appear abstract but rooted in the figure
Born: Romania (13 years after Salon des Refuses)
Apprenticeship (cabinet maker)
Studied at Bucharest Academy of Fine Arts
Traveled to Paris: Enrolled in Ecole
FANTASY AND DADA
Accurate representation of visual reality as a noble goal
Artist who departed from this goal
*depict their personal worlds of dreams or supernatural fantasies (not easy)
Fantastic Art: Before 20th century was isolated
Early 1900's: many artist exploring f
PAUL KLEE
Whimsical yet subtle Fantastic artist
Influenced: 19th Century artist Goya
*touched upon fantasy
Stylistic Inspiration: Cezanne
1911: joined Der Blaue reiter
*theories about intuitive approaches
*painting
*growing abstraction
*love of color were well rece
GIORGIO DE CHIRICO
*Odd juxtapositions of familiar objects
*rendered: realistic manner
*irrational believable
*subjects from dreams
*ordinary objects/extraordianry situations
REALISTIC TECHNIQUE:
*heighten believability of events
* eeriness characteristic of dreams or night
Dada
1916 WWI-International Movement
*declared itself against art
*responding to absurdity of war
*insanity of th world
DADAISTS:
Declared that art
*reflection of this sorry state of affairs (stupid/must detroy)
Communicate: Create works of art
Contradiction
D
MARCEL DUCHAMP
Advertising Nihilistic Views: Dadaists assaulted the public
*irreverence
*attempt to negate art
*advocated antisocial/amoral behavior
EXHIBITION:
Urnial (on back-Fountain)
Dada: Sensibility
ART: Mona Lisa
*impudently defiled a color print of Leonardo da V
Max Ernst's
Dada composition Two Children are Threatened by a Nightingale
*irrational subjects
*chance juxtaposition of everyday objects
*also Realistic technique
*dream imagery (Fantastic art)
SURREALISM (1930's developed into an international movement)
Literary movement after WWI
*nonrational
*naturally drawn to Dadaists.
Both literary groups engaged in:
*automatic writing
*mind to be purged of purposeful thought
*free associations expressed with pen
*words-symbolize seething contents of the unconscious
SALVADOR DALI
Modesty not his strong suit.
"household name"
Spaniard
Surrealist Figure
Reputation: leading unusual
*surrealistic
*life proceeds his art
*Ed Sullivan Show: threw open cans of paint at a huge canvas
Dali began:
conservative manner
*Impressionist
*Pointill
JOAN MIRO
AUTOMATIST SURREALIST
*unconscious held such unversal imagery
*spontaneous or automatic drawing attempt to reach
*elimate all thought from their minds/trace brush across canvas
*organic shapes drived from intersecting skeins of line
*unadulterated by cons
THE BAUHAUS: School
Early 20th Century: Architecture
American: Frank Lloyd Wright
German Architect: Walter Gropius
*principles to modern architecture
*"form follows function"/"less is more"
Gropius:
*basic forms-rectangular solid
*avoided ornamentation/embellisment
*overridi
Walter Gropius: director of The Bauhaus
1919 director of Wimar School of Arts and Crafts
Renamed the school: Das Staatliche Bauhaus/"building house of the state"
Vision: doorway to the future of art and architecture
*trained architects, artists, designers, and craftspersons
Moved school: Dessau
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: director of The Bauhaus (1928)
Moved the school to Berlin
Nazis: shut down the Bauhaus 1933
Faculty: United States
*Gropius/Mies van der rohe
Gropius: chair of architecture at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Miles: chaired the architecture department of the school Illi
MARCEL BREUERS
ART: TUBULAR STEEL CHAIR
*Bauhaus funiture
*no cushions
*midair on cloth or leather slings/steel tubing
*simple shapes
*complex
*remain popular to this day
Breuers: moved to UNITED STATES
Taught: Harvard University
Designed: New Yorks Whitney Museum of Am
ADOLF HITLER
1930's-he rose to power
War threathened Europe
he drove architects/refugee artist to United States
Leading figures of :
*Abstraction
*Surrealism
*joined together basis of an avant-garde American movement
*Center of Art World moved to New York