Marcel Duchamp, Rotary Demisphere, 1920.
Anemic Cinema, 1926.
Put own art on a fan. Machines giving new dimensionality to work.
Lazlo Moholy-Nagy, Light Space Modulator, 1922-30.
for the film Black-White-Grey, 1930.
Cast shadows on walls.
Constructivism. De Stijl. Bauhaus.
Manfred Mohr, P-18 "Random Walk," 1969.
Computer plotter drawing created with plotting matching in the Paris Meteorology Institute programmed with algorithms by Mohr.
David Em, Transjovian Pipeline, 1979, Cibachrome Print produced by 3D imaging software.
John F. Simon, Jr. CPU, 1999, Moma. Apple powerbook, software, acrylic, plastic.
Simon uses LCD screens and software to create changing images that function as abstract paintings hung on the wall. No interaction.
Algorithm changes image.
Pierre Huyghe and Philippe Parreno, and others: No Ghost, Anywhere Out of the World from No Ghost, Just a Shell, 2002, purchased, shared, and altered Manga named Annlee.
Commentary on Masamune Shirow's Ghost in the Shell--which posits non-corporeal existe
Myron Krueger, Videoplace, 1975-77.
Interactive forms.
Mark Napier, Shredder 1.0, 1998, website intervention software. Net.Art.
eToy, Share, 2000.
Internet Art/Hacktivism.
Char Davies, detail from Ephemere, 1998.
Virtual reality (VR)/ immersive
Greg Niemeyer, Ping, 2001.
Translates data flow from the internet--users pick instruments and sounds, and the internet flow creates the piece.
Chaos Computer Club, Berlin, Blinkenlights, 2001.
Interactivity vs. Interaction.
Andy Deck, Glyphiti, 2001.
Eduardo Kac, Teleporting an Unknown State, 1994-1996.
Telepresence/ Interactivity. Internet as life support.
Wafaa Bilal, Domestic Tension, 2007, 30-day performance with network activated paintballs.
Telepresence/Interactivity/Interaction.
Steve Mann, Wearable Wireless Webcam development.
Wearable technology.
Anouk Wipprecht, Daredroid, 2011.
Wearable technology.
Jonah Brucker-Cohen, Alerting Infrastructure, 2003.
Internet hits drive the drilling into a physical structure.
Database & mapping.
Electronic Disturbance Theater (EDT), Zapatista Tactical Floodnet, 1998, screen grab.
Tactical Media.
Ddos: distributed denial of service.
Blast Theory, Can You See Me Now?, 2005.
Locative media/Gaming/Mixed Reality.
designed to incite active participation in viewer/user (wider range).
Interactivity
designed to produce a directed result.
Interaction
interest in electronic media art begins in the ?
early 20th cent.
Eadweard Muybridge, zoopraxiscope, 1879.
Set photos in motion with this projection device.
Early ex. of "scientific visualization
Thomas Eakins, History of a Jump, 1885.
High-speed, stop-motion photography. with multiple exposures on a single negative.
Thomas Edison, phonograph, 1888.
Sound recording device.
Naum Gabo, Kinetic Sculpture (Standing Wave), 1919-1920, metal, painted wood, & electrical motor.
Duchamp, Chocolate Grinder, 1913.
Inventor of the "ready-made"
"Machine aesthetic
Hans Richter, Rhythmus 21, 1921.
Filmed & edited various rectangular shapes on a black field.
Andy Warhol, Brillo Boxes, 1968-69, acrylic & silkscreen/wood.
Andy Warhol, Brillo Boxes (1968) & Dollar Sign (1982).
Warhol used industrial silkscreening methods of commercial packaging.
Andy Warhol, Marilyn Diptych, 1962, photo, acrylic photomechanical silkscreen on canvas.
Ben F. Laposky, operating an Oscilloscope
projects varying signal voltages as a 2D graph at this time, drawn by a point of light on a cathode ray tube (CRD)
Oscilloscope
Ben F. Laposky, made the 1st acknowledged graphic images generated by electronic machine, 1950.
This was an analog device & Laposky manipulated electronic beams across an oscilloscope (CRT) & captured the images through long-exposure photography.
Ben Laposky, final result is a photograph.
Laposky's images are among the first graphic images generated by electronic machine. He manipulated beams across the face of an oscilloscope and then recorded the patterns using high-speed film, color filters and
Ellsworth Kelly, Automatic Drawing, 1950.
Ben Labosky, Electronic Abstraction #4, 1955.
John Whitney, developed mechanical animation techniques.
John Whitney, Catalog, 1961.
7-min. computer graphics video.
"father of computer graphics," used analog military computing equipment that manipulated & multiplied pre-existing drawn images.
Ivan Sutherland, Sketchpad Graphical User Interface, 1963.
Charles Csuri, 1 of the earliest "artists" using computer graphics programs, starting in them in 1960s. In 1967 he started creating animated films.
Charles Csuri, Hummingbird, 1967, produced as a print on plotter paper & silkscreened onto Plexiglas.
Charles Csuri, Hummingbird, 1967, transformation from random scribbles to recognizable image.
Charles Csuri, Sinescape, 1967.
Charles Csuri, Sculpture/Graphic, 1968.
Charles Csuri, GOSSIP (Algorithmic painting), 1989,
stripe painting scanned, mapped onto 3D model and broken up with an algorithmic function
Morris Louis, Theta, 1961, synthetic polymer/c
Kenneth Noland, Tropical Zone, 1964,
acrylic/c
There were a few important exhibitions in the 1960s:
Cybernetic Serendipity was a definitive show held at the
Institute for Contemporary Art, London (cur. Jasia Reichardt)
David Em, Painter and filmmaker, whose early work was known
under the rubric, "computer art
Nancy Burson, Beauty Composites: 1st (Bette Davis, Audrey Hepburn, Grace Kelley, Sophia Loren, Marilyn Monroe), & 2nd (Jane Fonda, Jacqueline Bisset, Diane Keaton, Brooke Shields, & Meryl Streep), 1982, digital prints.
"morphing
Lillian Schwartz, Mona/Leo, 1987, digital print.
"cut & paste" procedure.
Scott Griesbach, Dark Horse of Abstraction, 1995, digital print.
Used Jackson Pollock's (One (#31), 1950) as texture.
Robert Rauschenberg, Appointment, 2000, screen-print from scanned images, edition of 54.
William Latham, SERIOA2A, 1995: digital print based on a "genetics-based" program that produces artificial "organisms" (images) resulting from morphing in terms of "mutations" & "natural selection
KIDing, I Love Calpe 5, 1999, digital print.
This digitally composited image targets the priorities of advertising.
Jo�o Ant�nio Fern�ndez and Edgar Coelho Silva
Andreas M�ller-Pohle, Digital Scores III (After Nic�phore Ni�pce), 1998 7 million bites as alphanumeric code
Joseph Nic�phore Ni�pce, View from a Window at Le
Gras, 1826, heliograph: "oldest preserved 'photograph'"
Bitumen on pewter plate, exposed and developed in lavender oil.
Paul Pfeiffer, Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (6), 2001, digital duraflex print
Paul Pfeiffer, Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (10), 2001, digital duraflex print
Paul Pfeiffer, Landscape, 2000
Mark Napier, print from series, Cyclops Birth, 2006, computer print made with custom software (deformation of the Empire State Building, NYC)
David Canogar, Horror Vacui, 1999, computer prints.
scalability, reproducibility.
David Canogar, Digital Hide, 2000
Jochem Hendricks, Blinzeln (Blinking), 1992, print created with motion scanning software w/ goggles, feeding data to printer
Casey Reas & Ben Fry, Processing, 2001.
non-proprietary image processing program
Sol LeWitt, Wall Drawing #146, September 1972
All two-part combinations of blue arcs from corners and sides and blue straight, not straight, and broken lines; blue crayon, Dimensions vary with installation. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum,
Panza Collection
Robert Lazzarini, Skulls, 2000.
CAD (Computer Aided Design)
Rapid Prototyping
Karin Sander, Karin Sander, 2000, self-portrait at 1/10 scale, ABS (plastic), airbrush.
Sanders' works are made entirely by machines that she programs remotely. The artist need not touch the work, or even be around.
Michael Rees
Sculpture, installation, animation, interactive computing
Michael Rees, Ajna Spine Series 5, 1998.
"Uses the facts of medical anatomy to create metaphysical anatomy
Rees, Putto 8 2.2.2.2, 2003, fiberglass with Emron automotive paint, 78" high.
Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752-1834)
Textiles and the Industrial Revolution, Jacquard fabric with woven patterns
Jacquard's Loom 1801
Textiles and the Industrial Revolution
Charles Babbage
Difference Engine, proposed and started, 1822
(recently constructed in England w/ Babbage's specs)
Difference Engine #2, developed in the 1840s
(calculated more quickly, with fewer parts)
Charles Babbage, prototype for his Analytical Engine,
a steam-powered, general purpose computer compete with memory.
Babbage created specs but built only this model in 1870s.
Ada Lovelace was the 1st to write an algorithm for the punchcard program another Babbage invention, the Analytic Engine (late 1840s-1871).
"1st computer programmer
Hollerith Desk.
Herman Hollerith was an American statistician who invented a mechanical/electrical tabulator based on punched cards, a system used for the 1890 census, completed in 1 year (1880 census had taken 8 years to tabulate).
Pioneering data proces
(1) the targeting of long-range weaponry (like bombs), and
(2) encryption�coding and decoding communications
During World War II technology advanced for automating two things:
German "Enigma" encrypting machine.
Bletchley Park, top secret location where English cryptologists deciphered the Nazis's machine-generated Enigma codes.
The world's 1st theoretical computer scientist, Alan Turing, worked there, applying his knowledge an
Bletchley Park: The Bombe machine
Vannevar Bush, "As We May Think," 1945.
The first (relatively) large scale analog computer was the "differential analyzer"
invented and constructed by Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) in the early 1930's.
The machine was a completely mechanical assembly of gears
Externalization of the mind or of mental processes
The role of association in creative thought
Idea of associative trails
Idea of electronic communication
Konrad Zuse, Z3, 1941, Berlin (under Nazis).
Destroyed during Allied Forces bombing of Berlin in 1943, rebuilt 1961
The world's 1st programmable computer based on binary & Boolean logic
First "digital" computer: The "ABC" 1943
Atanasof-Berry Computer developed at Iowa State Univ.
Used binary system�but not programmable and could not store programs
Harvard Mark I (Harvard-MIT), 1944
First programmable computer built in U.S. - use in WWII
Grace Hopper, Programmer for the Mark I
Although the phrase had already been used in connection with computers, Hopper is credited with officially coining the term "debugging" when she found a moth in the Mark I.
In the 1950s, Melba Roy headed up the group of NASA mathematicians called "computers" who tracked Echo satellites by producing the orbital timetables.
Desk Set (1957)
Katherine Hepburn, Spencer Tracey
The film represented Americans' fears about computers replacing humans at work
Norbert Wiener, Professor at MIT, worked on missle guidance systems during WWII
Cybernetics, pub. 1943
from the Greek "Helmsman"�someone who
steers and constantly adjusts the course of the boat .
Military artillery guidance systems were examples of these systems.
Cybernetics
Alan Turing, developed the Enigma cryptanalysis methodology to decrypt coded messages sent by the Germans in WW II ca 1939-40
Alan Turing, The "Turing Test
Jack Kilby invented integrated circuits in 1958
Launch of first earth-orbital satillite, Sputnik I, propelled by a retooled ICBM
Artists rendition of Sputnik
Sputnik II with "Laika
The Day the Earth Stood Still 1951
Forbidden Planet 1956
The Telstar Satellite , Launched by AT&T 1962-3: first transatlantic TV transmission.
Telstar by the British Group, The Tornados, 1962.
First Single by a British Group to reach #1 in US
ARPA - Advanced Research Projects Agency
founded in 1958 in response to Soviet launch of Sputnik
(aka DARPA�Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)
ARPANet - first wide-area packet-switching network, conceived in 1963, running by 1969
First ARPANet IMP
J.C.R. Licklider, "Man-Computer Symbiosis" (1960)
Visionary in universal networking
Pioneer in seeing the computer as a communications tool
Pioneered a positive vision for AI
Licklider advanced ideas about networked research and about improving the human-computer interaction (HCI)
Q: How did Licklider revolutionize thinking about computers?
Ivan E. Sutherland, Sketchpad, 1963:
Beginning of CAD
Original Mouse, 1967
Altair 8800, 1975
1971 - Intel produced first commercially available
microchip-based microprocessor:
1st "personal computer" - the Altair 1975
Altair uses Micro-Soft software, BASIC, 1975
Apple II, 1977
1976-77 - Apple was founded and incorporated in California.
First easy-to use computers designed for mass appeal
First to come with color graphics
1984 - Apple Macintosh with Desktop interface and mouse
George Orwell, 1984, Pub. 1949 (book)