Middle Ages
(noun)
=Dark Ages
--transition to a new appreciation for humanism, new awareness of the place of human beings in the world, a change from the preoccupations of the European world (religion, catholic was dominant)
--art subjects were restricted to creating
Medieval
(adjective)
late medieval= beginnings of the Renaissance
--expands from the fall of the Roman Empire in 300AD to the beginnings of the Renaissance in 1400AD
--Early Christian, Romanesque, and Gothic periods
gothic
--developed in the middle of the 12th century & is named after the Goths who ruled France
--gothic cathedrals represent some of the most beautiful and timeless accomplishments of the period
--Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris
--gargoyles & flying buttresses
Renaissance
--"Art in the Dark"
--rebirth
--immediately follows the Middle Ages
--revival of interest in the classical learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome
--development of new technologies, philosophy, literature, & art
--The style of painting, sculpture a
classical antiquity
--ancient times in the Greek and Roman world
--revived in the Italian Renaissance
--awareness of classical tradition
--use of ancient motifs
Greco-roman tradition
pertaining to or designating a style of the fine arts developed in Rome or the Roman Empire from the middle of the 1st century b.c. to the early 4th century a.d., chiefly characterized by an apparent indebtedness to Greek forms or motifs modified by techn
Italo-Byzantine
--Italy c. 1200
--(the maneira greca)
--the use of the Byzantine style in Italy, especially prevalent after the fall of Constantinople in 1204, which led to the migration of Byzantine artists to Italy.
--Byzantine art: christian art
Maneira greca
--the mode of painting adopted in Italy by artists of the proto-renaissance era
--heavy gilding, brilliant colors, striations to denote the folds of fabric, and segments for the figures' anatomical details
--Berlinghieri & Cimabue
--Giotto rejected it in
Humanism
--secular humanism--> secular, meaning not religious and humanism, meaning placing the study and progress of human nature at the center of interests.
--As Humanism became more popular during the Renaissance, ordinary people grew to be the same size as sai
Altarpiece
a painted or carved panel or ensemble of panels placed at thee back of or behind and above an altar. Contains religious imagery (often specific to the place of worship for which it was made) that viewers can look at during liturgical ceremonies or persona
patron
patronage refers to the support that kings, popes and the wealthy have provided to artists such as musicians, painters, and sculptors.
fresco
A painting technique in which water based pigments are applied to a plaster surface. If the plaster is painted when wet, the color is absorbed by the plaster, becoming a permanent part of the wall (buon fresco). Fresco secco is created by painting on drie
narrative cycle
patronage refers to the support that kings, popes and the wealthy have provided to artists such as musicians, painters, and sculptors.
gesso
a ground made from glue, gypsum, and/or chalk, used as the ground of a wood panel or the priming layer of a canvas. Provides a smooth surface for painting.
modeling
in painting, the process of creating the illusion of three-dimensionality on a two-dimensional surface by use of light and shade. In sculpture, the process of molding a three-dimensional form out of a malleable substance.
register
a device used in systems of spatial definition. In painting, a register indicates the use of differing groundlines to differentiate layers of space within an image. In relief sculpture, the placement of self-contained bands of reliefs in a vertical arrang
flanders
Flanders is a region in Belgium, located in the center of Europe.
flemish
art of the 15th, 16th, and early 17th centuries in Flanders, known for its vibrant materialism and unsurpassed technical skill. From the van Eycks through Bruegel to Rubens, the Flemish painters were masters of the oil medium and used it primarily to port
glazes
in ceramics, an outermost layer of virtuous liquid that, upon firming, renders the ware waterproof and forms a decorative surface. In painting, a technique used with oil media in which a transparent layer of paint is laid over another, usually lighter, pa
oil painting
any painting executed with pigments suspended in a medium of oil. Oil paint has particular properties that allow for greater ease of working: among others, a slow drying time (which allows for corrections), and a great range of relative opaqueness of pain
cast shadows
...
folding altarpiece
...
wings
...
donor
...
manuscript illumination
...
symbol
...
symbolism
...
aerial or atmospheric perspective
a method of rendering the effect if spatial distance by subtle variations in color and clarity representation.
polytpych
an altarpiece constructed from multiple panels, sometimes with hinges to allow for movable wings.
gotchic s-curve
--key characteristic of the late gothic style
--the curving savy of the figure, emphasized by the bladelike sweeps of drapery that converge, portraying a mannered elegance that is the hallmark of the Late Gothic style
classicism
historical tradition or aesthetic attitudes based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity. In the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produced in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of antiquity
scale
--is the dimensional element defined by other elements of design size relative to art, its surroundings, or in relation to humans.
--is the size of an element as it relates to its usual physical size.
proportion
--refers to the relative size of parts of a whole (elements within an object). We often think of porportions in terms of size relationships within the human body.
international style
a style in art during the late 14th and early 15th centuries characterized by elegant stylization of illuminated manuscripts, mosaics, stained glass, etc, and by increased interest in secular themes.
fine arts
refers to an art form practised mainly for its aesthetic value and its beauty ("art for art's sake") rather than its functional value
savonarola
A fanatical fundamentalist preacher, he was an uncompromising critic of corruption within the church, and also the decadence and debauchery within Florentine society. He violently criticized the Medici family in Florence, for instance, as well as the arti
pediments
a triangulargable found over mjor architectural elements such as Classical Greek porticos, windows, or doors. Formed by an entablature and the endsof a sloping roof or a raking cornice. A similar architectural element is often used decoratively above a do
dome
a rounded vault, usually over a circular space. Consists of curved masonry and can vary in shape from hemispherical to bulbous to ovoidal. May use a supporting vertical wall (drum), from which the vault springs, and may be crowned by an open space (oculus
columns
an architectural element used for support and/or decoration. Consists of a rounded or polygonal vertical shaft placed on a base and topped by a decorative capital. In Classical architecture, columns are built in accordance with the rules of one of the arc
central plan and longitudinal plan
any structure designed with a primary central space surrounded by symmetrical aereas on each side, e.g., a rotunda.
linear or one-point perspective
one-point and multiple-point perspective (also called, linear, scientific, or mathematical perspective): a method of creating the illusion of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface by delineating a horizon line and multiple orthogonal lines.
orthogonals
any line running back into the represented space of a picture perpendicular to the imagined picture plane. In linear perspective, all orthogonals converge at a single vanishing point in the picture and are the basis for a grid that maps out the internal s
horizon line
a horizontal "line" formed by the implied meeting point of earth and sky. In linear perspective, the vanishing point or points are located on this "line".
vanishing point
in a perspective system, the point on the horizon line at which orthogonals meet. A complex system can have multiple vanishing points.
contrapposto
Italian term meaning "set against," used to describe the Classical convention of representing human figures with opposing alternationsof tension and relaxation on either side of a central axis to imbue figures with a sense of the potential for movement.
relief
a three-dimensional image or design whose flat background surface is carved away to a certain depth, setting off the figure. Called high or low (bas-) relief depending upon the extent of projection of the image from the background. Called suunken relief w
Medici
The Medici family was one of the wealthiest in Europe, and the Medici bank was the most respected financial institution of the time. The family also acquired great political power in Florence, the whole of Italy, and in France. The great works of art prod
neo-Platonism
is an assimilation of the thoughts of Plato with other ancient and medieval thoughts, other classical ideas, and the modification of certain Christian doctrines.
chiaroscuro
an Italian word designating the contrast of dark and light in a painting, drawing, or print. It creates spatial depth and volumetric forms through gradations in the intensity if light.
sfumato
Italian term meaning "smoky," soft, and mellow. In painting, the effect of haze in an image. Resembling the color of the atmosphere at dusk, it gives a smoky effect
Pope Julius II
o He was very ambitious; he wanted Rome to be a cultural and artistic center
o Asked Michelangelo to design a tomb for the pope; it had 40 figures but was never finished
o Also asked him to point the ceiling (took 4 years); Michelangelo is a sculptor
o At
Terribilit�
� an effect or expression of powerful will and immense angry force (as in the work of Michelangelo)
o Italians spoke of Michelangelo with this term, meaning the sublime shadowed by the awesome and the fearful.
o He was awe-inspiring, he also had this jeal
Lunette
a semicircular wall area, framed by an arch over door or window. Can be either plain or decorated.
Arcadian
In Renaissance and later art, depictions of an idyllic place of rural peace and simplicity. Derived from Arcadia, an ancient district of the central Peloponnesus in southern Greece.
painterly
� a style of painting which emphasizes the techniques and surface effects of brushwork (also color, light, and shade).
o Softness; blends into the atmosphere
idyllic
A landscape depicting country life and idealized nature
pastoral
o Pastoral Concert (or the Pastoral Symphony), 1510, Titian
o An allegory
o Express an abstract idea pastoral poetry
history painting
paintings based on historical, mythological, or biblical narratives. Once considered the noblest form of art, history paintings generally convey a high moral or intellectual idea and are often painted in a grand pictorial style.
villa
o Building on working farms
o Villa Rotunda built by Palladio (NOT on a working farm)
? Modeled after the Pantheon
? Comissioned by a priest who wanted to use the building as a party house
? Outside of Venice on the countryside
? � facades are exactly the
mannerism
o Mannerist used to be insulting in a way somewhat artificial, not rooted in natural forms, late Renaissance, decadent, artificial, anti-natural
o High Renaissance isn't better than Mannerism, it's just different
o Artists got bored with perfection and st
naturalism
describes a true-to-life style which involves the representation or depiction of nature (including people) with the least possible distortion or interpretation. There is a quasi-photographic quality to the best naturalistic paintings: a quality which requ
counter reformation
o Period of Catholic resurgence (post Reformation) beginning with the Council of Trent & ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War & was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation.
? Michelangelo, Last Judgment, Sistine Chapel, 1536-41
� Miche
protestant humanism
� emphasis on the value and importance of the individual
o Influenced the protestant reformation
reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a revolt against abuses and other forms of corruption perpetrated by the Papacy and the Church in Rome. The actual spark which ignited the revolt was Pope Leo X's decision to launch a campaign in Germany for the sale of "ind
Martin Luther
The Reformation began on Oct 31, 1517, when the German Augustinian monk Martin Luther (1483-1546) nailed his 95-point manifesto on the door of All Saints Church, Wittenberg, Germany, and led to a split in Christianity between Roman Catholics and Protestan
engraving
� an intaglio printmaking process on inscribing an image, design, or letters onto a metal or wood surface from which a print is made. One is usually drawn with a sharp implement (burin) directly onto the surface of the plate. Also: the print made from thi
printing
The fine art of printmaking is concerned with the production of images by varying methods of replication onto paper, parchment, fabric or other supports. The resulting fine prints (impressions), while not 'original' in the sense of a fine art painting or
Baroque
� the visual arts and building design and construction produced during the era in the history of Western art that roughly coincides with the 17th century. The earliest manifestations, which occurred in Italy, date from the latter decades of the 16th centu
illusionism
� the use of artistic techniques (as perspective or shading) to create the illusion of reality especially in a work of art
Baldachin
a canopy (whether suspended from the ceiling, projecting from a wall, or supported by columns) placed over an honorific or sacred space such as throne or church altar.
Tenebrism
the use of strong chiaroscuro and artificially illuminated areas to create a dramatic contrast of light and dark in a painting.
Caravaggisti
artists considered his "followers" after Caravaggio's death; The term Caravaggism describes the techniques of tenebrism and chiaroscuro popularized by the radical Italian Mannerist painter Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1571-1610), and used by him in
linear
one-point and multiple-point perspective (also called linear, scientific, or mathematical perspective): a method of creating the illusion of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface by delineating horizon line and multiple orthogonal lines. Th
Putti
are those plump little naked boys with wings that one often sees in Renaissance, Mannerist, Baroque and Rococo art. Typically, a putto (the singular form) depicts an angel or cherub in a religious scene, but he may also come in the form of Cupid. In eithe
allegory
in a work of art, an image (or images) that symbolizes an idea, concept, or principle, often moral or religious.
camera obscura
o Vermeer, View of Delft, c. 1662
o a box with 1 hole that was pierced through it (primitive camera; no way of making sure the image would stay there)
o existed at least since the 16th century; used by artists
o a simple device which requires only a conve
genre
o Jan Steen, Feast of St. Nicholas, c. 1660-65
o Scene of everyday life
still life
o Pieter Claesz, Still Life with Tazza, 1636
? Objects owned by wealthy
? Presented as if it is in the middle of a meal & person got up from the table
? Makes you feel like you are there & you are the one that peeled the orange, etc.
? Immediacy; of the m
memento mori
o Latin for "remember death"
o Paintings including objects that depict death (skull, clock, hour glass, etc.)
o Closely related to vanitas still life
vanitas
o Include symbols that remind us of the vanity of worldly pleasures & goods
etching
o Rembrandt known for etching with prints
o Etching was on metal plates
o Metal plate coated with waxy acid-resistant substance called 'ground'
o Carve out image on plate then bathed in acid (acid would etch into the plate)
o Plate is wiped clean of 'grou
Machu Picchu
a 15th-century Inca site located on a ridge between the Huayna Picchu and Machu Picchu mountains in Peru. It sits 7,970 feet (2,430 meters) above sea level on the eastern slope of the Andes and overlooks the Urubamba River hundreds of feet below.
Cuzco
is located 1089 ks south east of Lima. The gateway to Machu Picchu and the Sacred Valley, Cuzco was an administrative, military and holy city, capital of the Inca Empire (1200s-1532)
Inca
Cuzco was the center of the Incan empire. The Incas, an American Indian people, were originally a small tribe in the southern highlands of Peru. In less than a century, during the 1400s, they built one of the largest, most tightly controlled empires the w
where was the focus of the Baroque period?
Spain, France, & Italy
Italy c. 1200
--city-states
--art almost wholly religious (Christian)
--Italo-Byzantine style
ichanography
writing religious imagery
where were the first 2 universities established in Europe?
Bologna, italy (1088) & Padua, Italy (1222)
exchange of knowledge
Siena and Florence (the beginnings of Renaissance)
--City centers of city-states
--Tower at the center (city hall) serves as defense for the city (fortress) & symbol of civic pride
--Competition and war between city-states
Good Government", Siena, 1338-39 /
--Pietro Lorenzetti
--A Fresco painting done by Lorenzetti that shows a secular subject not a religious subject
--An allegory an expression of an abstract idea (good government)
--Shows people harmoniously working together & going about their business & l
Madonna Enthroned" (Florence, c. 1280) /
--Cimabue
--Northern Italy
--Tempre (a medium): an egg based paint that is applied to a panel
--It is bright and vibrant & has a sparkling quality
--Gold leaf painting applied to give it value (the mother of Christ has an important position in the Church
who was Cimabue's pupil (1305-1310)?
--Giotto
--1st 20 years of the 14th century--> Giotto's career
compare/contrast Cimabue and Giotto's "Madonna Enthroneds" /
--Cimabue's shown
--Giotto: Tempre on panel; Gold leaf & blue; Formal & symmetrical
--But how is it different from the style of Cimabue? It has more volume to it, less flat, more life-like, different colors, appears more natural
--Ideals of physical beaut
St. Francis Preaching to the Birds", 1299
--Giotto
--St. Francis could supposedly talk to the birds and had a communion with nature
--more natural (compared to Berlinghieri's "St. Francis")
--beginnings of the Renaissance
St. Francis", 1235
--Berlinghieri
--Italo-Byzantine artist
--more posed, gold, symmetrical (compared to Giotto's "St. Francis Preaching to the Birds")
--beginnings of the Renaissance
Giotto's "Ognissanti Madonna" /
--similar to his mentor's (Cimabue) "Madonna Enthroned"
--1305-1310
--beginnings of the Renaissance
Scrovegni (Arena) Chapel
c. 1304-1313 /
--Giotto
--in Padua--> Northern Italy, near Venice
--Called the Arena Chapel in Padua paid for by Scrovegni (father was a money lender (sin) and built chapter to make up for the sins of his father)
--Scenes of the life of the virgin and of Christ
--Fresco
The Kiss of Judas", 1305-1306 /
--Giotto
--Arena Chapel
--Judas one of the 12 disciples
--The Kiss of Judas is how he betrayed Jesus to the Roman soldiers
--Halo around Christ and other decipels to point out the holy, important figures
--Shows people with their backs to us to emphasize
Maesta", 1308-11 /
--Duccio
--Siena, Italy
--A reconstruction of one of his works (the most famous work created in Siena)
--predella
--beginnings of the Renaissance
The Raising of Lazarus", Giotto /
--Fresco more natural
--softer contours
--less of a supernatural aspect compared to Duccio's
--beginnings of the Renaissance
The Raising of Lazarus", Duccio /
--jewel-like colors from tempera on panel
--more of a supernatural element
--landscape was more of an afterthought
--people are less bulky, slimmer
--cluster of heads
--beginnings of the Renaissance
The Betrayal of Christ" /
--Duccio
--less space between people compared to Giotto's "The Kiss of Judas"
--cluster of heads
--less sense of dramatic urgency in Duccio
--beginnings of the Renaissance
Lamentation" /
--Giotto
--Arena Chapel
--Shows Christ after his death taken down from the cross
--Apostles and mother in mourning
--Fresco
--Landscape
--Most important aspect of this painting is the dead Christ
--He makes Christ the center of the painting by the natural
Unicorn Found at the Fountain, Unicorn Tapestries, c. 1500 /
--Not many tapestries have survived (made of wool and silk�not has durable has paintings on panel or sculptures)
--Tapestry- fine art
--Unicorn encarnation of Christ (symbolic meaning for Christian communities)
--Wealthy, powerful people commissioned tape
Page with Thamyris from Boccaccio", 1402 /
--Woman doing a manuscript illumination in the article (private prayers, story of the saints... & had text & pictures)
--Text --> illumination
--Long tradition in Western art
--Commissioned in convents to do manuscript illumination
--Invention of the prin
February" (Tres Riches Heures), 1411-16 /
--Limbourg Brothers
--A book of hours contains various prayers for different times and seasons
--First snow scene in Western art
--Shows a series of months
--Peasants living on land owned by aristocrats like the Duke Duberrie?
--Window into life in the 15
The Merode Altarpiece", c. 1430 /
--Workshop of the Master of the Female
--Don't know who created the Merode Altarpiece
--The center part shows the enunciation the angel Gabriel comes down and tells Mary that she will give birth to the son of God and the Holy spirit foming down by the win
Man in a Red Turban", 1433 /
--Jan van Eyck
--Jan van Eyck so associated with oil paintings
--Some say he invented it but that's not true
--Young man when he died
--Most important painter in the court of the Duke of Burgundy & a diplomat who went on diplomatic missions for the Duke
-
Double Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife", 1434 /
--Jan van Eyck
--Most famous painting in the National Gallery of London
--High level of detail
--Oil painting
--Used to be called the Arnolfini wedding (at the time a priest didn't have to marry you, you just needed a witness (Jan van Eyck was the witness
Ghent Altarpiece (open), 1432 /
--Jan van Eyck (and Hubert?)
--Commissioned by the Cathedral in Ghent
--Don't know if Jan's brother Hubert helped or if Hubert just made the altarpiece for Jan to paint or if Hubert was just a sculptor?
--Confiscated, stolen
--At the end of World War I it
Ghent Altarpiece (closed) /
--Not as colorful, closer to sculpture
--Shows the two doners of the Ghent altarpiece (man & wife)
--Shows the enunciation the angel Gabriel, Mary, and the Holy Spirit (on top of the angel's head)
--In the cathedral in Ghent
--An object of religious devot
Deposition", c. 1440 /
--Rogier van der Weyden
--Jan died, well-known for his oil paintings
--Rogier van der Weyden influenced by Jan
--Shows Christ being taken down from the cross
--In the great Museum in Madrid
--Deposition or the descent from the cross
--Christ unifies the t
effects of the Bubonic Plague in the 14th century...
--(1/3 of Europe died)
--Victim- Ambrosio Rosseti and brother
--A lot of major artists died
--Art started going back to the Italo-Byzantine style
--Wanted to pay homage to god after plague cause they felt that it was his way of punishing them
Italian city-states were unified in the...
19th century
15th century- the incubator of the Renaissance
Florence
Florence Cathedral ("The Duomo"), 1420-36 /
--Brunelleschi
--The Duomo- Dome of the Cathedral of Florence
--The Florence Cathedral was designed to have a dome from the beginning but it wasn't well planned
--No dome had existed since the time of Roman antiquity of this size
--Brunelleschi thought of
Exterior facade of the Orsanmichele,
1417-20 /
--showing replica of Donatello's St. George
--Members of a guild would take apprentinces and pass on knowledge of a particular field of expertise (architect, artist, etc...)
--Meant to be seen from below, no eye level
--Took the viewer's perspective into
St. George", 1417-20 /
--Donatello
--Real St. George
--St. George famous for fighting a dragon (holding shield, wearing armor)
--Realism of sculpture
--15th century in Italy
1st: St. Theodore, apostles attached to column, equal weight on both feet, body is the column
2nd: St. Paul, more naturalism, detail of clothing & anatomy, body is detached from the column, some contraposto: weight shift
3rd: St. George, contraposto is fu
shows evolution of sculpture during the Medieval period
subtractive & additive sculpture
stone (you can take away from it) & bronze (add clay then cast)
David", c. 1446-60 /
--Donatello
--David is a figure from the Bible (David and Goliath)
--Victorious David who slayed Goliath
--Cocky stance
--First full length nude since classical antiquity
--Bronze: more naturalistic medium than marble (gives more life-like detail)
--Femin
The Gates of Paradise", Baptistry, Florence, 1425-52 /
--Ghiberti
--Done two different times, different stages, same place
--Had to compete against Brunelleschi for the Baptistry doors
--Relief sculptures
--Bronze (additive)
--Called Gates of Paradise (named by Michelangelo)
--15th century in Italy
Jacob and Esau" panel of "Gates of Paradise", c. 1435 /
--Ghiberti
--2 sons of Isaac (twins)
--2 sons were destined to be leaders of warring nations
--Esau born first (entitled to a birth right to seced his father)
--Trades food for Esau's birth right
--Jacob pretends to be Esau and his father gives him his bl
The Trinity with the Virgin, St. John the Evangelist, and Donors", Florence, c. 1425-28 /
--Masaccio
--Not many works are associated with Masaccio because he died young
--Baroque period- 17th century
Fresco painting
--More the painting was revealed after it was cleaned
--God the Father, Christ, and the Holy Spirit
--Donors & St. John & Mary pi
The Tribute Money", c. 1427 /
--Massacio
--Brancacci Chapel, Florence
--frescos
--Went back to a medieval convention
--Christ is entering the town with his decipels
--They are met by a tax collector
--Christ tells St. Peteer to go to fish and get money--> gold coin in mouth
--Monument
Brancacci Chapel, Florence--> Adam & Eve being thrown out of the Garden of Eden /
--Massacio's most well-known image
--They are upset
--Angel is throwing them out
--Full-length figures
--Naked assumes the absence of clothes
--to be nude is to be in a state of perfect ideal beauty (statues of Greece, David)
--Adam and Eve were happy wit
Massacio vs. van Eyck (images of Adam and Eve)
--van Eyck's is brighter because he used oil while Massacio's is fresco
--van Eyck's is more 3-D; timelessness; isn't the sense of drama, theatre, or urgency; visual realism
Massacio's is more a narrative; shame; figure move through space in a convincing
The Birth of Venus", c. 1484-86 /
--Botticelli
--Ideal female nude & florentine beauty
--Botticelli one of the most important artists of the latter part of the 15th century; florentine artist
--1st full length female nude done since antiquity
--Venus born full formed from the castration o
St. Francis in Ecstasy", c. 1470s /
--Giovanni Bellini
--Venice
--Bellini's- father & 2 sons
--Most important artists in Venice for over 40 years
--Oil painting (has come south to Italy)
--St. Francis was from 2 centuries before & founded the Franciscan order
--Was wealthy but gave money to
Virgin of the Rocks", c. 1485 /
--Leonardo da Vinci
--The High Renaissance- considered to be a high point of the adaption of classical principles to Italian painting
--More paintings are recognizable by us
--Pope became secular power extending his powers beyond Rome (Popes would go to w
Last Supper" (Milan) 1495-98 /
--Leonardo da Vinci
--Done for the Duke of Milan (city in Northern Ilaty)
--The refitree for the monks
--Started to disintegrate soon after it's creation
--Oil paint on wet plaster started to flake within a couple of years
--The monks in the 17th century
Mona Lisa", 1503-06 /
--Leonardo da Vinci
--Not a very big painting
--In the Louvre
--Don't know who the woman is
--Leonardo was gay
--Pyramid structure: her arms are the base and her head is the peak
--atmospheric perspective
--Sfumato & chiaroscuro
--Facial expression: enigm
School of Athens", 1510-11 /
--Raphael
--Died relatively young
--Apprentice to artist of the Sistine Chapel
--Came to success almost effortlessly
--Some people think he lacks the drama of Michelangelo
--Art, painting, sculpture- liberal arts
--Change in the status of the arts (same l
Small Cowper Madonna", c. 1505 /
--Raphael
--Raphael known for a number of Madonna's
--Ideal Florentine type
--Effortlessness
--Madonna holds Christ in a naturalistic way
--Atmospheric perspective
--Pyramid: lap the base & head the top
--16th century in Italy
Agnelo Doni", c. 1506 /
--Raphael
--Oil painting
--Naturalism
--Perfect technique
--A little off center but a large sense of balance and symmetry
--16th century in Italy
David", 1501-04 /
--Michelangelo
--Michelangelo was born mid-way between Leonardo and Raphael but he lived much longer
--Son of a stone mason
--He felt that carving stone was a genetic gift
--Baroque
--His first great work
--Done in Florence
--Place in front of the city ha
sistine Chapel ceiling, 1508-12 /
--Michelangelo
--Michelangelo was called to Rome
--Pope Julius II was very ambitious; he wanted Rome to be a cultural and artistic center
--Asked Michelangelo to design a tomb for the pope; it had 40 figures but was never finished
--Also asked him to poin
what does Duomo mean?
House of God
Tempietto", 1502-10 /
--Bramante
--Bramante- most important architect of the high renaissance in Rome
--Little temple
--St. Christopher crusification site
--He was crucified upside down cause he didn't think that he was worthy to be crucified the same way as Jesus
--Top of the
designs for St. Peter's, 1506&1546
--Bramante & Michelangelo
--Pope Julius (wanted Michelangelo to build his tomb)
--Torn down & built St. Peters
--2 architects
--The design= a Greek cross (the length of each of the arms is the same; Latin cross--> one is longer)
--Several centuries to com
The Tempest", c. 1506 /
--Giorgione
--Venice; in Northern Italy
--Republic of wealthy men (oligarchy)
--Seaport city
--Traded with people all over the world
--Marco Polo began there
--Cosmopolitan
--Style of painting is different than the art in Florence and Rome in the 16th cen
Pesaro Madonna" 1519-1526 /
--Titian
--Titian--> most famous artist of the Venetian Renaissance; most successful financially; most sought after artist in the 16th century by the richest people & royalty; large studio
--Story that the Holy Roman Emperor visited his studio and picked
Pastoral Concert" 1510
--Titian
--One of the most well-known paintings of Titian
--Pastoral Concert or Pastoral Symphony
--Musical instruments pictured
--Men aren't staring at the nude women
--Supposed to be an allegory (express an abstract idea--> pastoral poetry)
--Nude women
'Venus'" of Urbino", c. 1538 /
--Titian
--Reclining female nude
--Giorgione is thought to be the first to do reclining female nudes Titian got the idea from him
--Female is welcoming to her bed
--Assumed that the viewer is male only
--About male desire
--There aren't any paintings that
Mannerism
--Mannerist used to be insulting in a way somewhat artificial, not rooted in natural forms, late Renaissance, decadent, artificial, anti-natural
--High Renaissance isn't better than Mannerism, it's just different
--Artists got bored with perfection and st
Deposition", 1525-28 /
--Pontormo
--Descent from the cross
--Apostles surrounding Christ
--In a Church, part of an alter
--Don't have a sense of the figures standing clearly on Earth
--No sense of stability with the figures (part of the Renaissance)
--Stretched out
--Not anatom
Madonna with the Long Neck", 1534-40
--Parmigianino
--Madonna is the center of the composition
--And other angelic figures are pressed together on one side
--Isaiah--> figure at the bottom left
--Madonna resembles the feminine ideal of the period (looks like a vase, anti-natural)
--Long neck
Capture of a Sabine Woman", 1581-2
--Giambologna
--Statue
--Story rooted in ancient legend
--Connected to the history of Rome too many men not enough women so invited neighoring tribe over & got them drunk then kidnapped all of the wives
--Woman is distressed & screaming out
--Twisting & t
Last Judgment", Sistine Chapel, 1536-41 /
--Michelangelo
--Michelangelo lived a long life (80s)
--Invited back to the Sistine Chapel to paint the wall behind the alter
--35 years after he painted the ceiling
--Pictures the Last Judgment--> end of the world, people come up from the grave and are r
Last Supper", 1592-94 /
--Tintoretto
--Mannerist Venetian painting
--Tintoretto was a student of Titian
--Was thrown out of Titian's studio because he had a horrible temper
--Chalkiness quality
--Version of the Last Supper
--Strong diagonal used
--Composition is full (a lot goin
Tintoretto vs. Leonardo ("Last Supper")
--Christ is the major figure in Leonardo's & Tintoretto' painting
--Natural light in Leonardo
--Light comes from lantern in Tintoretto
--Leonardo doesn't have the halos around the figures; more natural
--Light in Leonardo is brighter and more even (covers
Villa Rotunda /
--Built by Palladio
--Comissioned by a priest who wanted to use the building as a party house
--Villa- building on working farms
--Not a working farm
--Outside of Venice on the countryside
--� facades are exactly the same (one is larger than the other)
--
St. Peter's Basilica and Piazzi, Vatican, Rome, 1607-26 and c 1656-57
--Maderno & Bernini
--Bernini--> colonnade part of it
--Maderno--> top half
--Secular; didn't look Christian enough
--Corinthian columns (classical antiquity; greek temples)
--A lot of criticism
--New admiration of classicism during the Baroque period
--T
Baldacchino", 1624-33
--Bernini
--Bernini was primarily a sculptor but he was commissioned by the Pope to build the colonnade
--He also built Baldacchino
--Large-scale (almost 100 ft tall)
--At the center, below is where mass was celebrated
--Center of focus for the large buil
David", 1623
--Bernini
--Bernini was the greatest sculptor of the Baroque
--Figure of biblical David
--Fought and slayed Goliath with his slingshot
--Unlike any other David sculpture
--Sculptor shows a different point in time he is slaying Goliath
--The other sculptur
Bernini vs. Michelangelo ("David")
--High Renaissance exists at the perfect equilibrium it doesn't need the viewer
--Baroque Art incorporates the viewer
--Opened (Bernini: David is moving out from himself) vs. closed (Michelangelo) form
--Bernini's is moving out into the imaginary space
--
Cornaro Chapel, 1642-52
--Bernini
--Bernini created the scheme of the Cornaro Chapel
--Built statues
--Theatrical boxes
--Spanish Saint
--Mystical experience of the Saint
--Angel is piercing Saint with an arrow on a cloud
--An illusion of weightlessness
--Created a theatrical ex
St. Teresa of Avila in Ecstasy", 1645-52
--Bernini
--Light rays coming down over them
--Baroque illusionism a miracle of mystical happening
--Light comes from window above sculptor
--Takes into account the natural phenomena from the window
--Sweetness of the pain from the arrow of the angel
--Sh
Church of San Carlo all Quattro Fontane, 1638-67
--Borromini
--Bernini was traditional with how he revived classicism
--Borromini's architecture has the feeling of rubber
--Doesn't have the classical stability of St. Peters
--17th century in Europe
Bacchus", 1595-96
--Caravaggio
--Painting from Baroque Rome
--Major painter of Baroque Rome--> Caravaggio
--Raised in Milan
--Father, grandfather, and uncle all died from the plague
--On his own
--Put in studio of minor painter in Milan when he was 12
--His primary medium
The Calling of St. Matthew" 1599-1600
--Caravaggio
--He is best known for 2 paintings he did for a church in Rome
--The people who commissioned him often didn't accept his paintings
--Baroque illusionism there was a window to the right; actual light was coming in through the window
--Group of
Conversation of St. Paul" c. 1601
--Caravaggio
--Did for a church in Rome
--Figure's name is Saul
--On his way to Damascus & was struck down from his hourse by a voice and a light from the heavens that tells him to follow
--Saul aka Paul
--Standing man- takes care of his horse
--Or maybe
Judith Beheading Holofernes" 1619-20
--Artemisia Gentileschi
--Follower of Caravaggio
--Shows the influence of Caravaggio
--Very rare for their to be female painters
--Had to be a relative of a male artist to get trained in the art of painting
--Scene from the old Testament
--Judith was a he
The Glorification of the Papacy of Urban VIII" 1632-39
--Pietro da Cortona
--Italy
--Obscure
--Mural
--Ceiling
--Passed our guide to viewers
--Aspect of Baroque- naturalism
--Highlights Baroque illusionism
--Over the top, extravagant
--17th century
St. Serapion, 1628
--Francisco de Zurbaran
--Spain
--White contrasts (Spanish)
--Slothing is like a still life
--Attention to detail
--Starkness
--Naturalism (like nature)
--Staged the pose
--Painting is manipulated for viewpoint
--17th century in Spain
Water Carrier of Seville" c. 1619
--Diego Velazquez
--Went to Italy twice
--Important Spanish artist
--Influenced by Carrabachio
--Mundane lit as importance
--Monochromatic approach
--Pallet of whit, brown, and black
--Major talent
--Part portrait
--Emerge from clark
--Sparness & eloquanc
The Surrender at Breda (The Lances)" 1634-5
--Velazquez
--Details of clothing and facials
--Patriotic appeal
--Naturalist
--Posture
--Rely on natural apperant to
--See them on your level
17th century in Spain
Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), 1656
--Velazquez
--Most famous by Velasquez
--Theology of painting
--He's looking at you
--Portrait of Velazquez (painting)
--Looks like a mirror depict of King & Queen of Spain
--Genre scene
--About to paint only child of King and Queen (little girl)
--All ho
Self-Portrait with Isabella Brandt" 1609-10
--Peter Paul Rubens
--Notorious for asking artists to paint parts
--Trying to express joy
--Marriage portrait
--Genius at oil on canvas
--Stable
--Detail oriented
--Rubens & Bride
--17th century in Flanders
The Raising of the Cross" 1610-11
--Peter Paul Rubens
--Cross forms diagonal
--Embodies Baroque characteristics
--Emotion in Christ's face
--Emerging Jesus from dark
--Open composition
--Dramatic & theatrical
--Need audience to complete drama
--17th century in Flanders
St. Sebastian tended by St. Irene" 1625
--Hendrick ter Brugghen
--Religious painting
--From Netherlands
--St. Sebastian was a Christian martyr
--Was tied to stake and shot through with arrows
--He has been taken down from the post and is being taken care of by St. Irene
--Can tell it was influe
who was the most influential artist of the Baroque period & lived for a short time...
Caravaggio
Officers of the Haarlem Militia Company of St. Adrian" c. 1627
--Frans Hals
--Frans Hals--> one of the most important artists in the Netherlands in the 17th century
--A portraitist
--Group portrait
--Group portraits became really popular in the Netherlands
--Nothing about it that we would associate with militias
--It
Malle Babbe" c. 1630-33
--Hals
--Known figure
--Woman who was thought to be crazy
--Known from the bars/taverns
--Also a scene out of everyday life
--It looks like she is in mid-sound
--She is opening up the tankered
--She seems to be responding to something outside the frame (B
Self-Portrait" 1635
--Judith Leyster
--Example of emergence of female artists (starting in the 16th century)
--Painting was attributed to Frans Hals for a long time (gave it more monetary value)
--Has qualities that was attributed to Hals's work spontaneity, of the moment
--
Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp" 1632
--Rembrandt van Rijn
--Rembrandt was on the of the most important artists of the 17th century; most important Netherlandish artist of the 17th century
--Started as a follower of Caravaggio but he went through a lot of artistic changes
--Long career
--Was
The Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq (aka The Night Watch)" 1642
--Rembrandt
--Misinterpreted for many years
--Militia scene
--Militia being led by Captain & lieutenant
--Woman in middle ground is Rembrandt's wife
--Heavy 19th century application of varnish
--Thought to be a night but they are actually just emerging fr
Self-Portrait" 1658
--Rembrandt
--Rembrandt has a bunch of claims to fame
--He did more self-portraits than almost any other artist did
--Evolution of Rembrandt as an artist
--Man of status and position
--His face is honest (about his age & beauty)
--He knows who he is & he
Three Crosses" 1st and 4th States
--Rembrandt
--Typically associate prints with the North (Durer is known for his prints)
--Rembrandt known for etching with prints
--Etching was on metal plates
--Carve out image on plate then bathed in acid (acid would etch into the plate)
--Subtlety and
View of Delft" c. 1662
--Vermeer
--Rembrandt didn't create the major genres or art forms of the Netherlands in the 17th century
--Vermeer--> movie Girl with the Pearl Earing
--Not much known about Vermeer
--Life was less documented
--Vermeer was mostly known for his figural wor
Woman Holding a Balance" c. 1664
--Vermeer
--Woman performing everyday activity
--Holding a balance
--Weighing jewels
--Vermeer is so popular because of the quality of light
--Common composition for him window to the left & figure to the right & light coming in from the left
--Silent, so
Feast of St. Nicholas" c. 1660-65
--Jan Steen
--Genre scene
--Everyday life
--Important for the Dutch
--St. Nicholas--> ancestor of Santa Claus
--Naughty or nice all began with St. Nicholas
--Dutch like details of different sexes, ages, & classes
--Read into painting
--17th century in Hol
View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen" c. 1670
--Jacob van Ruisdael
--Landscapes and cityscapes were important
--Ruisdael was an important Dutch landscape artist
--Figures are very small scale
--Landscape is settled
--Architecture was familiar to the Dutch at the time
--Little detail that tells the st
Still Life with Tazza" 1636
--Pieter Claesz
--Still life
--Objects owned by wealthy
--Presented as if it is in the middle of a meal & person got up from the table
--Makes you feel like you are there & you are the one that peeled the orange, etc.
--Immediacy; of the moment (Baroque c
Louis, XIV" 1701
--Hyancinthe Rigaud
--Louis XIV one of the most long lived monarchs
--Full-lengthed, official portrait of the King
--Confident, powerful pose
--Clothes display wealth
--King of France
--autocrat
--17th century in France
Garden facade of Versailles, 1678-85
--Le Vau and Mansart
--Palace of Versailles
--Was formally a hunting loge but was converted to a palace
--His apartment was at the center
--Wanted the royals to live with him to make sure they wouldn't overthrow him
--17th century in France
Landscape with St. John on Patmos" 1640
--Nicholas Poussin
--Poussin, landscape artist in France
--Spent most of his adult life in Italy
--People were small scale in paintings
--Landscape was an excuse for the depiction of whoever was in the painting
--Ideal landscape (from the head & mind of a