ART HISTORY III TEST 02

Salon de la Princesse, H�tel de Soubise

� Germain Boffrand
� Typical Rocco room
� Rooms like this one (salons) served as the center of Parisian social life
o Salon gatherings were parties that gathered in this room where people would paly music or discuss literature and poetry
o Elegant parties

Pilgrimage to the Island of Cythera

� Jean-Antoine Watteau
� 4'3" x 6'4 �"
� a Rococo painting
� theme is love
� portrays elegantly costumed lovers that are making a pilgrimage to island of Cythera
o a mystical place
� figures move gracefully
� the color palette is soft and pastel
� communi

Pauline Borghese as Venus

� Antonio Canova
o Leading Neoclassical sculptor
o Napoleon's favorite sculptor
� Brought Canova from Italy to France
� length 6'7"
� Italian artist done in France
� Pauline, Napoleon's sister, portrayed as Venus
� Nude torso, on reclining couch, bottom h

Chiswick House

� Richard Boyle (Lord Burlington)
o Influenced by Palladio
� Neoclassical architecture
� From England
� English weren't fond of excessive Italian Baroque style, didn't like the overly ornate Rococo style
o They did like Neoclassicism
� Characterized by cl

Marriage a la Mode II: Shortly After the Wedding **

� William Hogarth
� 1743-1745
� shortly after they were married
� hanging out at home and the marriage is falling apart
� the husband and wife don't pay attention to each other
� symbols of forbidden unfaithful delights
� Hogarth made it clear they have j

The Death of General Wolfe

� Benjamin West
� 4'11 �" x 7'
� History painting, modern history painting
o Special brand of history painting is a modern history painting
� The death of the British General James Wolfe after he won the battle in Quebec
� This is the battle field in a ha

Watson and the Shark

� John Singleton Copley
� 5'10 �" x 7' 6 �"
� First English history painting by Copley
o Established his name in England
� Patron is Watson who had his left bitten off by a shark when he was 14
o This was to commemorate the event
o He was out swimming in

Portrait of Marie Antoinette with Her Children **

� Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun
� 1787
� 9' �" x 7' 5/8"
� France
� Supposed to portray queen as a good mother and to improve her image
� Revolution is 1789 so this was painted when the Revolution was near
� Marie was liked at the time but then she

Death of Marat

� Jacques-Louis David
� 5'5" x 4' 2 �"
� one of the most controversial works of David
� example of incredible skill for propaganda
� done in French Revolution
o David was in the Jacobins, a sect of the Revolutionary movement
o Become the administrator of

Napoleon Crossing the Saint-Bernard

� Jacques-Louis David
� 8'11" x 7'7"
� Napoleon loved Neoclassicism
� Napoleon wanted associations to imperial Rome
o Exploited style to control reign
� All paintings were publicly exhibited at salon
� Napoleon understood importance of painting.
� Napoleo

Third of May, 1808

� Francisco Goya
� 8'9" x 13' 4"
� one of Goya's most well known and overtly political works
� romantic modern history painting
� depicts a recent tragedy in Madrid
o That year Napoleon had conquered Spain and placed Joseph Bonapart as Spanish king
o At f

The Raft of the "Medusa

� Theodore Gericault
� Shipwreck of the Medusa
Medusa was carrying 400 French colonist, crashed
The captain ordered the life boarts to be for himself and important government officials
People left for 13 days until rescue
Blames the French monarchy for th

, Liberty Leading the People: July 28, 1830

� Eugene Delacroix
� 8' 6 �" x 10' 8"
� Paris uprising of July of 1830
� Era of French history that begins with Louis Philip known as July Monarchy
� Shows people rising up against the thrown during July Revolution
o Motley bunch of people
o Crossing over

Large Odalisque

� Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
� 35 x 64"
� this is Ingre's best painting
� duing the 19th century western Europe there is a new craze called orientalism
o inspired by expedition to North Africa
o more interested in the near east
o subjects of harem girl

Rue Transnonain, Le 15 Avril 1834

� Honore Daumier
� 11 x 17 3/8"
� subject is is the tragic events of Rue Transonain
o a guard killed by a French worker, worker fled, guards go threw the building and kill everybody to make sure they get the guy that killed the guard
o this is the murder

Slavers Overboard the Dead and Dying�Typhoon Coming On

� Joseph Mallord William Turner
� 35 � x 48 �"
� captain of slave ship realized that insurance company didn't reimburse for slaves that died from sickness
o if they were lost at sea then they were reimbursed
o so he ordered the sick slaves t be overthrown

The Oxbow

� Thomas Cole
� 51 � x 76"
� conveys grandeor and majesty of America's natural beauty
� left wild untamed wilderness
� right is a vast panoramic view that shows cultivated rural landscape
� shows manifest destiny
� illudes to bounty of American wilderness

Houses of Parliament, London

� Charles Barry and Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin
� Romantic architecture
o Emerges as revival styles
� Like gothic
o Many romantics idealized the middle ages
� Wonderful time where people were honest and pure
� Time where people made things by hand
Conc

Monticello

� Thomas Jefferson
� Neo Classic
o Official style of young American republic
o The Federal Style
� Fa�ade has temple portico
� Triangular entablature
� White architectural details and red brick of the walls
o Not completely influenced by Paladio
o Local i

The Stone Breakers **

� Gustave Courbet
� 5'3" x 8'6"
� Wet plate collodion process
o Glass plate of chemicals and when exposed to light would make a negative and then put paper and positive make pictures on paper and stuff
o Became more popular than Daguareotypes
o Used exten

The Horse Fair

� Rosa Bonheur
� 8' �" x 16' 7 �"
� heavily redistributed
� a horse fair
� Paris
� Romantic
o Turbulent skies
o Group of horses bounding across picture frame

Le D�jeuner sur l'Herbe (The Luncheon on the Grass) **

� Edouard Manet
� 1863
� 7' x 8'8"
� one year in 1863 the Salon rejected 3000 works
o discontent with artists
� so much that Napoleon opened a salon for rejected
� Manet was rejected from official Salon in Paris
o Put it in rejected salon
� Riske theme
o

The Banjo Lesson

� Henry Ossawa Tanner
� 49 x 35 �"
� American
� Shows older black man teaching a child to play the banjo
o Usually banjo players are a mockery of black people
o But this depicts it as a dignified, tender moment

Impression: Sunrise **

� Claude Monet
� 1872
� 19 x 24 3/8"
� This painting might have been where Impressionist got their name from.
� One of Monet's early works
� Paints a morning fog over an harbor
� A preliminary oil sketch, but then made it his final work
o Critics didn't k

Mother and Child

� Marry Cassatt
� 35 1/2" x 25 3/8"
� an image of a mother and child
o typical Cassatt
o never got married or had children
o typical of female artists to depict subjects available to them
� women couldn't go to the same places females could
night clubs
go

A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte

� Georges Seurat
� 9 �" x 10' 1 �"
� exhibited in the very last impressionist exhibit
o heralded a new direction
� composed with only 11 pure colors
� people lounging at a famous park
� a working class guy sitting next to a man and woman in middle class
o

The Starry Night

� Vincent van Gogh
o Loved landscape
o Forms are solid feeling
o Crazy dude good painter
� 1889
� 28 x � x 36 �"
� the whole world seems to be in motion
o enhanced by frenzied choppy brushstrokes
� tree on left side
o puts a deeper reading in the work
� c

Nocturne in Black and Gold, The Falling Rocket

� James Abbot McNeill Whistler
� 23 � x 18 3/8"
� wasn't actively trying to depict fireworks as the actually looked
� really famous work in art history
o John Ruskin hated this painting
� He didn't get it
� He didn't approve of the price
� Published a rev

The Scream

� Edvard Munch
� 36 x 29"
� this is about despair
o this guy looks skeletal standing isolated on bridge
� people back there not paying attention
� is very distressed and screaming
� powerful painting about a very volatile emotion

The Burghers of Calais

� Auguste Rodin
� 6' 10 �" x 7' 11" x 6'6"
� rather than idealizing their expressions Rodin has expressed the way they probably feel
o they look anguished and despairing
o awkward and restless
o hands and feet are made very large to make them look like th

Stairway, Tassel House

� Victor Horta
� pinnacle of art nouveau movement
o has the whiplash curve
� in the floor tiles, the banisters, the staircase, and the wall coverings
like vines
� entry hall for the Tassel House
o commissioned and designed by Victor Horta
� floral in a se

Mont Saint-Victoire

� Paul Cezanne
� 25 � x 32"
� mountain rising in the background
o composed of purples and blues and browns
� valley is dotted with buildings and natural landscapes
� evergreen tree in corner
o the tree mimics the contour of the mountain
� a unified flatte

The Crystal Palace, London

� Joseph Paxton
o Known for innovations in construction techniques
o Known for green houses
� 1850-1851
� London, England
� The first of the World's Fair
o The location of the World's Fair The Crystal Palace
� Made of glass and steel
� Original concept wa

The Eiffel Tower, Paris

� Gustave Eiffel
� 1887-1889
� modern marvel that paved the way for modern architecture
� supposed to the a landmark for the Exhibition in Paris in 1889
� very impressive structure
o landmark indicating entrance to fair
o supposed to be main attraction

Wainwright Building, St. Louis

� Louis Sullivan
� rejection of historicism
� Sullivan's first skyscraper in St. Louis, Missouri
� Features to notice
o Its size
� Skyscraper
� 9 stories tall
� steel infrastructure
� modern materials
� uses a tridivision of space
three different portions

divisionism

a technique used by Neo-Impressionists such as Georges Seurat (1859-1891). The technique involves breaking color into its basic elements, painting in very small and regular dots. From a distance the multiple dots form an optical mixture of color. The best

en plein air

refers to paintings executed outdoors; and the technique was central to Impressionism.

f�te galante

French "amorous festival" a type of rocco painting depicting the outdoor amusement of French upper-class society

lithograph

a print produced by a printing process in which a smooth surface is treated so that ink will adhere only to the design to be printed

orientalism

the quality or customs or mannerisms characteristic of Asian civilizations

r�ckenfigur

Showing figure from the back

sublime

great or noble in expression, thought, or manner; splendid

ukiyo-e

Japanese woodblock printing; translation: "pictures of the floating world

vedute

is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting of a cityscape or some other vista.

18th and Early 19th Century Art

� Era of revolutions: American Revolution (1760) and French Revolution (1789)
� Industrial Revolution (18th century): started in England, would soon spread and transform the economies of Europe and North America. Prompted urban migration, developments of

Rococo Art

� Comes from a combination of the Italian word barocco (irregularly shaped pearl) and rocaille (ornamentation using shells or pebbles).
� Aristocratic style, development in France after Louis XIV died. French nobles moved back to Paris and commissioned lu

Neoclassicism

� There was a resurgence of interest in classical antiquity in the 18th century. Neoclassical painting, sculpture, and architecture incorporated the subjects and styles of ancient art.
� The rationality of the Enlightenment helped foster a increased fasci

Romanticism

� Movement that emerged in the late 18th, early 19th century in literature.
� The writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau helped pave the way for Romanticism.
� Romantics were interested in non-rational aspects of man's existence, such as intuition, feelings, a

Landscape Painting

� academic painting was ordered in a strict hierarchy:
o 1. History painting
o 2. portraiture
o 3. Genre painting
o 4. Landscape painting
o 5. Animal painting
o 6. Still lifes
� landscape painting became more important as the Industrial Revolution started

Mid to Late 19th Century Art

� Major changes in this period socially, economically, and technologically
� Increasing class tensions and the development of Communism. Communist Manifesto was published in 1848 by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Realism grows out of the desire to depict

The Rise of Photography

� Earliest descriptions of cameras go back to the 15th century Renaissance (camera obscura, camera lucida), but images couldn't be fixed to light sensitive surfaces until the 19th century.
� The Daguerreotype was one of the earliest forms of photography,

Impressionism

� Formed around 1970. They held their own independent exhibitions as a declaration of independence from the official academy
� Impressionists focused on painting scenes of the upper middle class as leisure in the countryside and city. Some impressionists

Post-Impressionism

� Explored the expressive qualities of the formal aspects of a picture (line, pattern, form, color, etc.)
� Much more subject style than Impressionism, since it included the personal vision and emotions of the artist
� Pot-Impressionist painters explored

Arts and Crafts Movement

� Primarily affected the decorative arts.
� Reaction against mass-produced goods, called for a return to the medieval notion of craftsmanship
� William Morris' decorating firm was very popular and influential. They specialized in creating total environmen

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

� British movement, formed in 1848
� Looked back to the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance for inspiration (the time before Raphael). Believed that this period of art had a beauty and spirituality that had since been lost
� Dante Gabriel Rosetti was the le

Symbolism

� International movement in art and literature.
� Very subjective, concerned with expressing an individual vision
� Irrational fears, desires, and impulses of the human mind were common symbolist themes.

The Art Nouveau Movement, 1890s-1900s

� French term meaning "New Art"
� Permeated all areas of design and many regions throughout Europe and America
� Principles of Art Nouveau
o Inspired by ideas of the Arts and Crafts movement, nature (plants, animals), and Japonisme
o Used modern materials

The Beginnings of Modern Painting

� Artists reacted to Impressionists' ideas of optics, color, and light
� Cezanne was influenced by Post Impressionist painter Camille Pissarro
� Cezanne had the greatest impact on modern painters

The origins of Modern Architecture

� Architects rejected historicism of Beaux-Arts style
o Historicism: deep regard of love for past styles
� New technology and increased population in the cities led to new needs in urban architecture
� New innovations in architecture emerged through the u

The Chicago School of Architecture

� Chicago was a center of art and industry in the 1890s
� It became the cradle of an entirely new way of thinking about American architecture
� First skyscrapers built using modern materials
� Louis Sullivan was the leading architect in Chicago and influe

Jean-Antoine Watteau

o Important
o He was the first generation Rococo painter
� Originator in painting and greatest proponent
o Influenced by Rubens and Giorgioni
o Loose fluid brushwork
o Style is characterized by fluid brushwork and bright colors
o Widely collected works
o

The Enlightenment

o New way of thinking critically about the world, independent of religion, myth or tradition.
o Based on empiricism (observation of the world).
o Encouraged the development of scientific method
o Prompted technological invention

Industrial Revolution

o Began in England with the introduction of steam power, which assisted or even entirely replaced human labor.
o Industrialization ? endless supply of good and services
o New technology also affected the arts, especially through the introduction of new bu

Benjamin West

o American Ex-Patriot Artist
o Born in Pensylvania
o Went to Europe to study art
� Successful in England and stayed there
o Influential artist in London art scene
� Co founder of local Art Academy
� President of Art Academy
o Official painter of King Geor

John Singleton Copley

o Emerged as preeminent painter
o Born in Boston
o Painted at 15
o Focused on portraiture and became Boston's best portrait artist
o Style is crisp and clear and good with subtle detail
� Appealed to upper-class clientele
Wanted fine clothing reflected in

Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun

o French
o Female painter in Paris
o Highly successful
o Elected to royal academy of painting and sculpture in Paris when the academy had placed a cap on the amount of woman allowed in, four.
o Must wall known for her portraits, especially Marie Antoinett

Theodore Gericault

o French artist
o Very critical in development of French Romanticism
o Dies at 32
o Very instrumental of wave of French Romanticism
o Spent time in Rome where influenced by Michelangelo
o Got back wanted to apint a modern history paitning
� Shipwreck of t

Eugene Delacroix

o French
o Best known French Romantic artist
o Most have scene his work before at some point
o Dominated French Romantic scene and his work is similar to Gericault's
o Known fro vibrant colors oand expression
o Most famous

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres

o Major stylistic departure
o Student of David
� Adopted David's polished, detailed, Neoclassical mode
o Neoclassical artist
� However there is a touch of romanticism
o Extremely influential
o Director of French Academy in Rome
o Wanted to be known as a g

Honore Daumier

o French
o Most known for his printmaking
� Predominately lithography
Often political
Lithography is complicated printing
o During the time of Louis Philip there is an explosion of newspaper and magazines
� Printing and literacy were key components
� Incr

Joseph Mallord William Turner

o English
o Landscape painter
� Wanted landscape to go up
o Painted social and political issues
o Turbulent mass of color, form emerges from free and wild brush strokes
� An impressionist streak, but he comes way before then
� Romantic
o Really captures r

Thomas Cole

o American landscape painter
� Considered one of the first great American landscape painters
� But born in England and immigrated to America at 17 years old
o Father of the Hudson River School
� A group of American landscape painters working in the NY are

American landscape painting

o American's felt inferiority compared to the history of Europeans
� European landscape had ruins, indications of a past
America did not
� Cole didn't let this stop him
One of first to say that America has natural antiquities
� Niagra falls, the grand can

Thomas Jefferson

o Known to be a proponent and developer of the Federal Style
o Gifted amateur architect
o Influence in Paladio
� Loves Paladio
� First to own Paladio's books in America
Carefully studied books
Inspired by Vila Rotunda

The Home of the Rebel Sharpshooter: Battle Field at Gettysburg

� Timothy O'Sullivan
� Collodion process
� A sharpshooter killed at his lookout
� O'Sullivan positioned the body and made the composition
� He creates a narrative for us
o Portrays the truth of photos
� Photography
o While it was popular for portraits and

Rosa Bonheur

o Female
o Known as an animal painter primarily
o Enormously successful
� Exhibited regularly in Paris
o Came from interesting family
� Mom died at young age
� Father was a landscape painter
Part of the St. Simonians
� Took a progressive stance on woman r

Edouard Manet

o Notorious
o Controversial
� He had a different painting style
Painterly and rough
Provocative subject
o Exhibited at a salon
� Works had to be selected by conservative jury

Henry Ossawa Tanner

o American Realist
o Most successful African American painters in late 19th century
o Born in Philedalphia
o Son of a Bishop
o Studied at Pennsylvania Academy of Art
o Known for depictions of black American life
� Dignifies the African American's
o Tanner

Claude Monet

o Started off more traditional
o Then later in life he got my original
o En plin air - he painted outside
� It got easier with the invention of collapsible metal paint tube
o Hated the process of under painting
� A standard style of painting
� A prelimina

Marry Cassatt

o Born in united states
� Near Pittsburgh
o Wealthy family
o Studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts
o Got to Paris to amp up studies and then decided she liked it and lived their permanently
o In mid 1870s caught eye of another painter and was i

Georges Seurat

o French painter
o Associated with a specific style called Divisionism
� Though still a Post-Impressionist
� Style of painting composed of very small strokes or dots of pure color
� He believed that individual spots of color could merge in the viewers eye

James Abbot McNeill Whistler

o Member of Aesthetic movement
� Comes about in the late 19th century
Art for arts sake
o American Painter
� Moved to London for most of his career
o By mid 1860s he gave his paintings very vague, abstract titles
� Gave painting to speak for itself not th

Edvard Munch

o Norweignen
o His works are very emotional and distressed
� Show the workings of an anguished mind
o Believed humans were powerless against great natural forces in our life, death and love, etc.
o Approaches subject in a departure from reality
� Provokes

Auguste Rodin

o Very famous sculptor
o His style of sculpting is very Impressionist
� Surfaces are very active and textured
� Distorts form to better portray meaning
� Critics didn't know what to think of this
Though popular with general public

Victor Horta

o Came from Brussels
o Opened business in 1890
o Most infamous designer of art nouveau movement
o Important dude
o Influenced by the arts and crafts movement

Paul Cezanne

o Influential painter
o Light palette
o Landscapes, nature
o Looser fragmented brushstrokes
o Repeatedly painted Mont Sainte-Victoire
� At least 30 times
� 100 of drawings
� between 1880 and 1906
o interested in showing the sensations of the subject
o his

Louis Sullivan

o Studied at MIT
� America's first formal architecture program
o Went to Paris, hated the historicism
o Settles in Chicago in 1875
� In 1871 the Great Fire of Chicago devastated city
� This meant that he had job security

American Painting

� Art of the early colonial period (the period of time when the American colonies were under British rule) is less classical, more "folk-sih" than contemporaneous art in Europe.
� No official American art academies until the early 19th century. Colonial a

World's Fairs

� Host cities would sponsor huge events where different countries would come together to show off the best of the best of their products
o Science, technology, innovations, findings, etc.
o Way to show off power