Hormones secreted from the hypothalamus (5)
CRH
TRH
GHRH
GnRH
Somatostatin
The function of hormones secreted by the hypothalmas
Stimulate another gland to release hormones.
Disorders of the hypothalamus
Injury or tumor that interrupts the release of the stimulating hormones.
Hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary gland (6)
ACTH
TSH
FSH
GH
Prolactin
LH
Hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary gland (2)
ADH
Oxytocin
Function of hormones secreted from the post and anterior pituitary gland
They are all trophic or gland stimulating hormones.
Disorders of the pituitary gland
Injury or tumor that interrupts the release of the stimulating hormones.
Diabetes Insipidus - caused by injury to the posterior pituitary; deficiency of ADH; causes water to be excreted instead of reabsorbed. Symptoms = excessive urine and thirst.
SIADH -
Treatment for pituitary gland disorders
Treat the cause; diabetes insipidus is treated with vasopressin.
Desmopressin SC injection.
Thyroid hormones secreted
T3 - iodothyronine
T4 - thyroxine
Calcitonin
Functions of thyroid hormones secreted
Thyroid hormones control cellular metabolism.
Calcitonin keeps calcium in the bones.
Disorders of the thyroid
Hypothyroidism
� Myxedema
� Cretinism
Hyperthyroidism
� Graves Disease
- thyroid storm is a complication of graves disease
Treatments for disorders of the thyroid
Hypothyroidism - treated with Levothyroxine. Take drug the same time every day.
Elder Alert: Side effect of Synthroid in the elderly = angina.
Hyperthyroidism - treated with radioactive iodine or thyroidectomy.
Provide a well-balanced diet high in calorie
Hormones secreted by the parathyroid (1)
Parathormone (PTH)
Functions of parathyroid hormones
Regulates calcium and phosphorus.
Decreased calcium levels stimulate the release of PTH.
Disorders of the parathyroid
Hypoparathyroidism:
� Hypocalcemia - tetany and seizures.
o Chvostek's
o Trousseau's
� Hyperphosphatemia
Hyperparathyroidism:
� Hypercalcemia - renal calculi; cardiac dysrythmias; muscle and bone weakness.
� Hypercalcemic Crisis
Calcium Level > 14
Hyperpa
Treatments of parathyroid disorders
Hypoparathyroidism - Calcium Gluconate IV;
Vitamin D supplement.
Hyperparathyroidism - Parathyroidectomy; hydration; Lasix; avoid excess calcium.
Hormones secreted from the adrenal gland (2) (5)
Adrenal Medulla:
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Adrenal Cortex:
Glucocorticoids
Mineralcorticoids
Aldosterone
Androgens; Estrogens
Function of the adrenal hormones
Fight or flight" response.
Increase blood glucose; stimulate digestion; regulate Na and K; male and female sex characteristics.
Disorders of the adrenal gland
Pheochromocytoma - benign tumor that causes hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla; principal manifestation is a pounding headache and elevated Bp.
Addison's Disease - chronic adrenal insufficiency.
Cushing's Syndrome - excessive adrenocortical activity.
Treatment of the adrenal gland disorders
Surgical removal of tumor.
Lifetime replacement of corticosteroids. Patient must carry injection kit with dexamethasone.
Encourage fluids and foods high in sodium.
Adrenalectomy.
Hormones secreted from the pancreas (2)
insulin
glucagon
Function of hormones secreted from the pancreas
Transports glucose to the cells.
Stimulates release of stored glucose in the liver to increase blood glucose levels.
Disorders of the pancreas
Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 - no insulin production.
Type 2 - decreased insulin production or insulin resistance.
DKA - absence of insulin or inadequate amount of insulin.
HHNS - lack of effective insulin.
Treatment of pancreas disorders
Type 1 - requires insulin.
Type 2 - diet, exercise, oral medications and/or insulin.
DKA - hydration, IV insulin, reverse acidosis, restore electrolyte balance.
HHNS - hydration, IV insulin, restore electrolyte balance.
Hormones secreted from ovaries (1)
estrogen
Hormones secreted from the testicles (1)
Androgens