Glucagon
A protein hormone secreted by alpha pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.
Glucose Tolerance Test
A test of the body's ability to metabolize glucose that involves the administration of a measured dose of glucose to the fasting stomach and the determination of blood glucose levels in the blood or urine at intervals thereafter and that is used especiall
Homeostasis
The maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions (as body temperature or the pH of blood) in higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions.
Hormone
A product of living cells that circulates in blood and produces a specific effect on the activity of cells that are often far from the source of the hormone (chemical signal molecule)
Negative Feedback
A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.
Positive Feedback
Feedback that tends to magnify/amplify a process or increase its output.
Type 1 Diabetes
Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.
Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization/resistance coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased in
Insulin
A protein hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.
Adenine Ti-phosphate (ATP)
A compound composed of adenine and three phosphate groups that supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes by undergoing enzymatic hydrolysis.
Amino Acid
An organic monomer which serves as a building block of proteins.
Calorie
The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1C also the amount of energy that i g of water release when it cools by 1C. The Calorie (with a capital C), indicate the energy content of food, is a kilo calorie.
Carbohydrate
A sugar in the form of a saccharides or polysaccharides.
chemical Bond
An attractive force that holds together the atoms, ions, or groups of atoms in a molecule or compound.
Chemical Indicator
A substance (as a dye) used to show visually usually by its capacity for color change, the condition of a solution with respect to the presence of free acid or alkali or some other substance
Chemical Reaction
Chemical transformation or change; the interaction of chemical entities.
compound
A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.
Covalent bond
A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.
Dehydration Synthesis
A hemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.
Disaccharide
A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.
element
The smallest particle of a substance that retains all the properties of the substance and is composed of one or more atoms.
Glucose
A monomer of carbohydrate, simple sugar.
homeostasis
The maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions (as body temperature or the pH of blood) in higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions.
Hydrolysis
A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water.
Ionic Bond
A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Lipid
One of a family of compounds including fats, phospholipids, and steroids that is insoluble in water.
Macromolecule
A type of giant molecule formed by joining smaller molecules which includes proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Molecule
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
Monomer
The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.
Monosaccharide
A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.
Nutrient
A substance that is needed by the body to maintain life and health.
polymer
A large molecule consisting of many repeating chemical units or molecules linked together.
polysaccharide
A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis.
Protein
A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.
Hyperglycemia
An excess of sugar in the blood.
Neuropathy
Damaged nerves
Nephropathy
Damaged kidneys
Ketoacidosis
Increase in acidity of the blood due to fat breakdown
Hypertension
High Blood pressure
Triglyceride
Made from 3 fatty acids and a glycerol
Retinopathy
Damage to the retina of the eye
amino acid
polysaccharide
triglyceride
Saturated fat
Unsaturated fat