List similarities of Type II and Type II Diabetes
Similarities
- insulin is unable to process glucose
- incurable
- warning signs: increased thirst, urination, weight loss, blurred vision
Difference
-Type 1: body cannot produce enough insulin because beta cells in pancreas are attacked by body's own cell
negative feedback loop (definition)
the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity
positive feedback loop (definition)
feedback causes level of a variable to change in same direction of initial change
Examples of negative feedback loop
glucose and body temperature
Examples of positive feedback loop
childbirth and blood clotting
a substance that changes to indicate the presence of a particular compound or type of compound
indicator
Benedict solution indicates
simple sugars
Color change to Benedict solution
light blue to green, yellow, orange or red
Lugol's Iodine indicates
starch
Color change of Lugol's Iodine
yellow or light brown to dark purple or black
Biuret solution indicates
protein
Color change of Biuret
light blue to purple
Serving size importance
to properly compute calories in each portion
Calories importance
-provide energy to body
-determines weight gain/loss/mainteance
Total Fat importance
-regulate hormones
Unsaturated Fat importance
-make cell membranes
- insulate neurons
- lowers risk for cardiovascular disease and cancers
Saturated Fat Importance
-increases level of LDL cholesterol
-can lead to clogged arteries or coronary disease
Trans Fat Importance
-wreck havoc on body's ability to regulate cholesterol
- increases bad cholesterol
Cholesterol Importance
-gives flexibility to cell membranes
- makes steroid hormones
Sodium Importance
- control blood pressure and blood volume
- high sodium = high blood pressure
Carbohydrate Importance
preferred source of energy in human body
Fiber Importance
absorbs water and eases digestion
Sugar Importance
- excessive amounts linked to incidences of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and tooth decay
Protein importance
-make structures (muscle, hair), enzymes, peptide hormones
-source of energy
Calcium importance
strong teeth and bones
Iron importance
transport oxygen to cells
Vitamin A importance
helps vision, tissue growth and healthy skin
Vitamin E Importance
helps healthy skin, teeth, bones and blood vessels
covalent bond
bonds formed by sharing of electrons (ex: H20)
a chemical bond resulting from the attraction
ionic bond
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
molecule
a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
compound
Carbohydrate's function
provide the body with energy and are easily broken down by the body
Protein's Function
build, maintain and repair tissue in body
Lipid's Function
- make up cell membrane
- provide cell structure
- provide insulation
- store energy for body
Nucleic Acid's Function
stores and carries genetic information
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
hydrolysis
chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.
dehydration synthesisA
List symptoms of diabetes
increased thirst, peeing alot, blurred vision, weight loss, slow wound healing
Long term effects of diabetes
pancreas may shut down (Type 2)
Short term effects of diabetes
diet change, exercise requirements
Treatment of Diabetes
-insulin injections (Type 1)
-weight loss
-blood sugar monitoring
Prevention of diabetes
-maintain healthy weight
- exercise and diet
Isotonic effect on cells
- water goes in both directions
- cell is fine
Hypotonic effect on cells
- water moves into cells
- cells become full
Hypertonic effect on cells
- water moves out of cells
- cell dehydrates and implodes
Explain foot complications that occur with diabetes
- neuropathy (inability to feel pain, heat and cold)
- poor circulation
- amputation
Explain skin complications that occur with diabeties
- slow healing
- wounds, blisters
Explain ear complications that occur with diabetes
hearing loss
an organic monomer which serves as a building block of proteins
amino acid
a amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1�C. This is usually used to indicate the energy content of food.
calorie
a sugar in the form of a monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide
carbohydrate
an attractive force that holds together atoms, ions, or groups of atoms in a molecule or compound
chemical bond
a substance (as a dye) used to show visually usually by its capacity for color change, the condition of a solution with respect to the presence of free acid or alkali or some other substance
chemical indicator
chemical transformation or change; the interaction of chemical entitles
chemical reaction
a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
compound
a type of chemical bond in which 2 atom share one or pairs of valence electrons
covalent bond
a chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule
dehydration synthesis
a double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis
disaccharide
the smallest particle of a substance that retains all the properties of the substance and is composed of one or more atoms
element
a protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin
glucagon
a monomer of carbohydrate, simple sugar
glucose
a test of the body's ability to metabolize glucose that involves the administration of a measured dose of glucose to the fasting stomach and the determination of blood glucose levels in the blood or urine at intervals thereafter and that is used especiall
glucose tolerance test
the maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions (such as body temperature or pH of blood) in higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions
homeostasis
a product of living cells that circulates in blood and produces a specific, often stimulatory effect on the activity of cells that often far from the source
horone
a chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water
hydrolysis
an excess of sugar in the blood
hyperglycemia
in comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a greater solute concentration
hypertonic
abnormal decrease of sugar in blood
hypoglycemia
in comparing 2 solutions, referring to the one with a lower solute concentration
hypotonic
a protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood
insulin
a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions
ionic bond
having the same solute concentration as another solution
isotonic
one of a family of compounds including fats, phospholipids, and steroids that is insoluble in water
lipid
a type of giant molecule formed by joining smaller molecules which includes proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids
macromolecule
the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer
monomer
a single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar
monosaccharide
a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation
negative feedback
a substance that is needed by the body to maintain life and health
nutrient
the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration
osmosis
a large molecule consisting of many repeating chemical units or molecules linked together
polysaccharide
feedback tens to magnify a process or increase it's output
positive feedback
a 3D polymer made of monomers of amino acids
protein
a substance that is dissolved in a solution
solute
the dissolving agent of a solution.
solvent
diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is charactered by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels
Type 1 diabetes
Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults an most often in obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting form impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate for increased insulin prod
Type 2 diabetes