It is accurate to state that
Allergy means deleterious effects of hypersensitivity
An accurate description of a type I reaction would be that it
Is generally allergic in nature
Atopic individuals
Tend to produce higher quantities of IgE
Serum sickness is
Caused by the formation of immune complexes
A type IV allergic reaction will
Be transferred by cells
A patient who presents with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is likely to
Report symptoms of arthritis
Which of the following is true regarding organ transplant rejection
It is a type IV hypersensitivity
Which is true for a patient who is transfused with a unit of unmatched packed RBCs? The unit
Is type O blood and will have neither A nor B antigens
A patient who is a type AB+ blood will
Produce no anti-D antibodies
Hypersensitivity reactions include,
Type I IgE allergic reactions.
Type II tissue-specific reactions.
Type III immune complex reactions.
Type IV cell mediated reactions
The action of histamine results in the
Increase of vascular permeability.
Formation of edema.
Increase of blood flow into the affected area.
Bronchoconstriction
Urticarial is also known as
Hives.
Wheal/flare.
Dermal skin reaction
The mechanism by which a type II hypersensitivity reaction affects cells includes which of the following.
The cell is destroyed by antibody and complement
o Antibody may cause phagocytosis
o Components of neutrophils will release their granules
o Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
An example of type IV sensitivity reactions would include
o Graft rejection
o Skin test for tuberculosis
o Autoimmune processes
o Poison ivy blebs
...
� A characteristic of a malignant tumor includes that is
Can spread far from the tissue of origin
Cancer of the connective tissue is referred to as a
Sarcoma
A cancerous tumor that is very poorly differentiated is referred to as being
Anaplastic
The serum marker used to evaluate a tumor of the adrenal gland is
Catecholamines
Which gene in its normal state negatively regulates cell proliferation?
Tumor suppressor genes
A mutation that occurs due to changes in nucleotide base-pairs is described as a
Point mutation
The name for the process whereby tumor cells generate their own blood supply is referred to as
Angiogenesis
When a patient is diagnosed with a benign tumor
it can be assumed that the tumor is, Well encapsulated. Well differentiated
Research has shown a connection between the development of cancer and the
Epstein-Barr virus or Hepatitis B virus or Hepatitis C virus or Human papillomavirus
It is true that tobacco smoking is
Associated with both small and squamous cell carcinomas
It is true that ultraviolet light
Induces the tumor necrosis factor
When a patient has been diagnose with a basal cell carcinoma
it is correct to assume that the, Lesion is most likely found on the arms and legs
It is accurate to assume that a patient diagnosed with melanoma is most likely
Experiencing a lesion on the back of the legs
Long-term exposure to asbestos is most likely to resort in development of cancer of the
Lung
Which is a characteristic of cachexia?
Early satiety
Which best describes the term therapeutic index
The relative effective dose needed to kill cancer without harming normal cells
Excessive alcohol consumption is connected with cancer of the
Oral cavity or Larynx or Liver or Esophagus
Regarding the body's defense mechanisms against cell damage it is true that
The phase I activation enzyme is represented by cytochroms P450
The enzymes that protect against damage are found predominantly in the liver
Most xenobiotics are transported in the blood by lipoproteins
Which cancers are linked to obesity and a higher risk of death?
Esophageal or Stomach or Colorectal
Radiation-induced damage is affected by factors that include
Dose response or? Repair mechanisms or? Antioxidants or? Protraction
It is true that the specificity theory of pain
Relates the amount of pain to the amount of soft tissue injury
Which pair of structures regulates the complex emotional responses to pain?
Limbic and reticular system
Which activity has been documented to increase the levels of circulating endogenous endorphins?
Stress
The appropriate definition of perceptual dominance is
Pain at one location that may cause an increase in threshold at another location
The appropriate term for pain that is present in an area distant from its point of origin is
Referred pain
A mechanism that does not result in heat loss is
Vasoconstriction
A benefit of fever to human blood includes
A switch to lipolysis and proteolysis
A patient who was outside on a summer day and is now experiencing increased sweating and thirst weakness and dizziness is exhibiting signs of
Heat exhaustion
A 55-year-old obese male presents to a sleep clinic complaining of difficulty sleeping. He reports that he wakes gasping for air and his wife is ready to divorce him because his snoring keeps her up at night. Which is the most likely diagnosis for this pa
Obstructive sleep apnea
Involuntary unilateral or bilateral rhythmic movements of the eyes is referred to as
Nystagmus
A young child presents with redness of the eyes. The parents indicate that this condition seems to be 'going around' the daycare. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
Conjunctivitis
Which type of hearing loss is a result of foreign body obstruction of the inner ear?
Conductive
A patient who reports that 'everything tastes unpleasant' is exhibiting symptoms of
Dysgeusia
Endogenous opioids include
Enkephalins and Endorphins And Dynorphins And Endomorphins
The classification of acute pain includes
Acute visceral And Referred And Acute somatic And Cutaneous
It is correct to assume that Cheyne-Stokes respirations (CSR)
Involve a pathologically increased ventilator response
A patient experiences no nausea but significant vomiting with a CNS injury when the trauma
Involves the vestibular nuclei
Pinhole-sized pupils can be a result of an overdose of
Opiates
A patient has sustained a traumatic brain injury but is able to follow simple commands and can manipulate objects. The term used to describe this state is
Minimally conscious
A patient experiencing the tonic phase of a seizure exhibits
Muscle contraction with increased muscle tone
A patient who reports a loss of childhood memories is describing a characteristic of
Retrograde amnesia
A patient who is experiencing difficulty in recognizing a pattern's form and the nature of objects is exhibiting characteristics of
Aphasia
A patient who is experiencing a loss of comprehension or the production of language is described as having
Dysphasia
A patient who fell and hit his head 2 days ago is now restless and irritable. This scenario is characteristic of
Delirium
It is true that Alzheimer disease is
A result of neuronal proteins becoming distorted and tangled
The term used to describe a patient who sustains a cerebrovascular accident and is paralyzed on the left side is
Hemiplegia
A patient who exhibits involuntary twisting movements caused by slow muscle contraction on the right side of the body is experiencing
Hemidystonia
A patient is diagnosed with Huntington disease. Which of the following is a true statement? Huntington's disease is
Also known as chorea
A patient diagnosed with Parkinson disease initially experiences
Fine tremors
A patient presents with a wide-based gait in which the feet were turned outward. She staggers when walking and holds her pelvis stiff. These characteristics are representative of
Cerebellar gait
A basic neural system to cognitive function would include
Attentional systems or Memory systems or (Affective or emotive systems) or Language systems
Abnormal findings in which of the following evaluations would indicate possible neurological dysfunction
Level of consciousness or Pattern of breathing or Eye position or Skeletal muscle motor responses
Criteria for determining brain death include
Unresponsive coma or No spontaneous respiration or Isoelectric EEG
A means of classifying a seizure includes
Clinical manifestations or Site of origin or Response to therapy or EEG correlates
A characteristic of Alzheimer disease includes
Short-term memory loss or Increased irritability and agitation or Anxiety and depression
The person at highest risk for traumatic brain injury (TBI) is
African American and economically disadvantaged
The most common cause of TBI is
Motor vehicle accidents
A trauma patient diagnosed with a brain contusion experiences changes in attention memory affect and emotion. In which region of the brain is the contusion most likely located?
Frontal
An elderly alcoholic man falls and experiences a hematoma that is on the top of his brain. The hematoma is most likely a
Subdural
A 23-year-old patient is hit in the temporal portion of his skull during an altercation. Although he initially loses consciousness he soon awakens and is conversant. Three hours later he is experiencing vomiting drowsiness and confusion. These symptoms ar
Epidural
A patient experiences a vertebral fracture in which the C1 vertebra is fractures into several fragments. This type of fracture can be described as
Comminuted
It is true that spinal shock
Involves all skeletal muscles
A patient is experiencing pain that courses over the buttocks and into the calf and ankle. This is suggestive of a herniated disc at which vertebral level?
Lumbar
It is true that an acute cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is
The leading cause of disability in the United States
It is true that hemorrhagic stroke
Is commonly caused by hypertension
It is correct to assume that a saccular aneurysm
Can be due to a combination of congenital and degenerative changes
It is correct to assume that a subarachnoid hemorrhage is
A risk for individuals with an intracranial aneurysm
Which of the following statements is true regarding grading of the astrocytoma?
Grades III and IV are treated with surgery
it is correct to assume that Grade III and Grade IV astrocytomas are
Commonly found in the frontal lobe and cerebral hemisphere
It is true that an oligodendroglioma
Rarely includes cysts or calcifications
Which is true regarding metastatic tumors that are located in the brain?
Carcinomas are disseminated to the brain from the circulation
Which is true regarding meningitis?
Tubercular meningitis has a 90% recovery rate if diagnosed early
A patient has a brain abscess with a decreased necrotic center and mature collagen. This is most consistent with which stage?
Early capsule formation
It is true that encephalitis is
A result of arthropod borne viruses
A patient experiences demyelination of the peripheral nerves with sparing of the axons. This is characteristic of
Guillain-Barre
A patient is brought to the emergency room following a motor vehicle accident in which he sustained diffuse brain injury. Which of the following symptoms would be expected to accompany his injury?
Memory deficits or Swallowing disorders or Agitation or Short attention span
Risk factors for a CVA includes
Smoking or Diabetes or Arterial hypertension or Atrial fibrillation
A patient is diagnosed with a meningioma. The most likely site of the tumor is the
Sella turcica or Olfactory groove or Tuberculum sellae or Sphenoidal wing or Cerebellopontine angle
A cause of cerebral aneurysm includes
Arteriosclerosis or Congenital anomaly or Trauma or Cocaine abuse
Abnormalities in endocrine function may be caused by an
Absence of antibodies against specific receptors
A symptom of SIADH is
Hyponatremia
It is true that DI:
Occurs with organic lesion of the hypothalamus or pituitary
A patient experiences nausea vomiting loss of body hair fatigue weakness and hypoglycemia. The hormone deficiency the patient is most likely experiencing is that of
ACTH
It is correct to assume that pituitary adenomas
Arise from the anterior pituitary
A patient with visual changes that begin in one eye then progress to the second eye is likely experiencing
Pituitary adenoma
It is correct to assume that acromegaly
Is the result of a GH-secreting pituitary adenoma
A symptom of prolactinoma would include
Galactorrhea
Symptoms of Graves disease includes
Goiter
Medication used to treat thyrotoxic crisis includes
Iodine
Two siblings are diagnosed with a thyroid disorder due to destruction of thyroid tissue by lymphocytes and circulating thyroid autoantibodies. This pathology is likely the result of
Hashimoto disease
Myxedema coma is generally associated with
Lactic acidosis
It is correct to assume that primary hypothyroidism
Is the result of absent thyroid tissue
When a patient is diagnosed with thyroid carcinoma patient education concerning the disease should include the information that
Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a result of
Increased fat metabolism
A patient develops severe dehydration and hyperglycemia in the absence of ketosis. Which of the following conditions does this patient have?
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS)
A patient experiences retinopathy due to diabetes. There is venous dilation microaneurysm formation and blot hemorrhages. Which stage of retinopathy is this person experiencing?
Stage I
Which symptom would a patient diagnosed with pheochromocytoma also experience?
Headaches
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone hypersecretion (SIADH) may result from
Ectopic production of ADH by tumors or Pulmonary disorders like asthma or Central nervous system disorders such as encephalitis or (Psychiatric disease treated with antidepressants or antipsychotics)
A newly diagnosed diabetic patient will exhibit symptoms of
Polydipsia and Polyphagia and Weight loss
Risk factors for insulin resistance include
Obesity and Inactivity and Age and Medications
Complications experienced by patients with chronic uncontrolled type 2 diabetes are
Peripheral vascular disease or Orthostatic hypotension or Thickened capillary membranes or Visual difficulties
Which form of anemia is caused by altered heme synthesis in erythroid cells?
Sideroblastic
Which term refers to an abnormally high production of red blood cells?
Polycythemia
Which statement regarding infectious mononucleosis (IM) is true?
Commonly caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Which form of leukemia is the most common in children?
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
Which statement regarding lymphoma is true?
Palpable tender lymph nodes are present
Which statement regarding Hodgkin lymphoma is true?
Peak incidence ovvurs in the early 20s through the 30s and then later in life
Which statement regarding Burkitt lymphoma is true?
A fast-growing tumor of the jaw and facial bones
Spontaneous bleeding without trauma is possible when the platelet count is
Less than 10,000
The most common source of drug-induced thrombocytopenia is
Heparin
Which statement regarding immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is true?
It is more common in females
Which statement regarding iron deficiency anemia is true?
It is common in children due to their extremely high need for iron for normal growth
Which statement regarding iron deficiency is true?
Hemoglobin of 7 g/dl to 8 g/dl may be accompanied by pallor
Microcytic-hypochromic anemia is known to be a result of disorders involving
Iron metabolism and Porphyrin synthesis and Globin synthesis and Heme production
Neutropenia
a condition invoving the blood's neutrophil count, is believed to be caused by its, Decreased production or? Increased turnover or? Abnormal distribution or? Reaction to an overwhelming infection
Which condition is a known cause of eosinophilia
Asthma or Atopic dermatitis or Eczema
The known causes of lymphadenopathy include
Neoplastic disease and Inflammatory condition and Lipid storage disease and Immunologic disorders
Which condition is one of the current criteria for presence of an overactive spleen?
Anemia or Cellular bone marrow or Splenomegaly or Thrombocytopenia
Which statement regarding thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is true?
Caused by platelet aggregates or More common in females or Occurring more frequently
Which factors involved in blood clotting are regulated by vitamin K?
II or VII or IX or X
Which situation is a characteristic of the triad of Virchow?
Injury to endothelium or Abnormalities of blood flow or Hypercoagulability of the blood
cell membrane
Target cell receptors for water-soluble hormones are located in the___________
posterior pituitary
Which gland secretes ADH and oxytocin?
high serum osmolarity
ADH release from the posterior pituitary is stimulated by the__________
oxytocin
If a patient had a problem with the hypothalamus, what hormone would be affected?
uterus
Target cells for oxytocin are located in the ________
inhibit calcium reabsorption from bones
A 70-year-old female has brittle bones secondary to osteoporosis. Her doctor provides calcitonin to:
iodine
Which nutrient would the nurse encourage the patient to consume for thyroid hormone synthesis?
increased serum calcium levels
A nurse is reviewing lab results. Which of the following lab results would slow down the rate of parathyroid hormone secretion
serum glucose levels
Insulin is primarily regulated by
cortisol
the post potent naturally occurring gulcocorticoid
afferent pathway
begins in the peripheral nervous system, travels to the spinal gate in the dorsal horn and the ascend to higher centers in the central nervous system
interpretive centers
located in the brain stem, midbrain, diencephalon, and cerebral cortex
efferent pathway
descend from the CNS back to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
nociception
the processing of potentially harmful stimuli through a normally functioning nervous system; pain perception
noxious
harmful stimuli
A-delta fibers
medium sized thinly myelinated fibers that transmit sharp, localized pain
C fibers
small unmyelinated fibers that transmit slow dull aching, or burning sensations that are poorly localized
A-beta fibers
large myelinated fibers that transmit touch and vibration sensation but usually do not transmit pain
inhibition
promotes pain and opens pain gate; negative
excitation
blocks pain and closes pain gate; positive
transduction
activation of nociceptors when tissue is damaged
transmission
conduction to dorsal horn and up spinal cord to thalamus, brains seem, and cerebral cortex
perception
the conscious awareness of pain in the reticular and limbic systems and the cerebral cortex
modulation
the increase or decrease of the transmission of pain before during or after the pain is perceived
excitatory neuromodulators
substance P, glutamate, and somatostatin
inhibitory neuromodulators
GABA, glycine, serotonin norepinephrine, and endorphins
endogenous opioids
a family of morphine-like neuropeptides that block transmission of pain impulses in the spaniel cord, brain, and periphery by binding with specific receptors. May be responsible for feeling of well being
pain threshold
the point where pain is first perceived
perceptual dominance
pain at one location may cause an increase in the threshold at another
pain tolerance
the greatest intensity of pain that a person can endure
acute pain
a protective mechanism that alerts the individual to a condition or experience that is immediately harmful to the body and mobilizes the individual to take prompt action to relieve it
acute somatic
pain that is superficial, arising from the skin muscle or bone
acute visceral
pain in the internal organs and abdomen; less localized because of less nociceptors
referred pain
pain that is felt in a place distant from its point of origin; shares the same spinal segment as point of origin
chromic
refer to hemoglobin content
cytic
refer to RBC size
anisocytosis
RBC assuming various sizes
poikilocytosis
RBC assuming various shape
leukocytosis
leukocyte count is high; normal protective response to stressors
leukopenia
leukocyte count is low; not normal
shift-to-the-left
premature release of immature cells
lymphocytosis
rare in acute bacterial infections; mostly in acute viral infections; EBV
lymphocytopenia
abnormalities of lymphocytes because of immune deficiencies, destruction by drugs, viruses, or radiation
acute leukemia
presence of immature blast cells
chronic leukemia
presence of mature mature cells that don't function correctly
thrombocytopenia
not enough platelets
thrombocythemia
to many platelets >400,000; increased risk for clotting
chronic pain
pain lasting longer than the normal healing time
neuropathic pain
result of trauma or disease of nerves
peripheral neuropathic pain
problems with the nerves such as painful diabetic neuropathy
central neuropathic pain
problems with the brain or spinal chord such as phantom limb
hypothalamus
primarily regulates temperature
exogenous pyrogens
endotoxins produced by pathogens
endogenous pyrogens
excretions from phagocytic cells in response to exogenous pyrogens which increases temperature
hyperthermia
elevation of body temperature not caused by pyrogens
seizure
a syndrome where there are suddenly explosive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons and is characterized by a sudden transient alteration in brain function
tonic-clonic
happens in convulsions; contract relax movement
epilepsy
seizure activity for which no underlying correctable cause for the seizure can be found
aura
partial seizure that immediately precedes the onset of a generalized tonic-clonic seizure
prodrama
early manifestations occurring hours to days before seizure
tonic phase
associated with consciousness; muscle contraction
clonic phase
relaxation of muscles in seizure
postical phase
time period immediately following seizure activity
dementia
a progressive failure of many cerebral functions that often includes a decrease in orienting, memory, language, judgement and decision making
hydrocephalus
various conditions characterized by excess fluid in the cerebral ventricles, subarachnoid space, or both
noncommunicating hydrocephalus
obstruction within the ventricular system; seen mostly in children
communication hydrocephalus
defective resorption of CSF from the cerebral subarachnoid space
normal-pressure hydrocephalus
dilation of the ventricles without increased pressure
Parkinson's disease
degeneration of the basal ganglia causing a disorder of movement
secondary parkinsonism
caused by disorders other than parkinson disease, such as drugs, infection, or head trauma, that create the symptoms of parkinsons
spinal stenosis
narrowing of the spinal canal that puts pressure on the spinal nerves or cord and can be congenital or is usually acquired
spondylolisthesis
occurs when a vertebra slides forward and onto the vertebra below it
spondylolysis
a structural defect of the spine
thrombotic stroke
arterial occlusions caused by thrombi formation in the arteries supplying the brain or intracranial vessels
embolic stroke
fragments that break from a thrombus formed outside the brain
saccular aneurysms
occur frequently and likely result from congenital abnormalities in the arterial wall
fusiform aneurysms
occur as a result of diffuse arteriosclerotic changes and are found most commonly in the basilar arteries
adh
retains water
microcytic-hypochromic anemia
abnormally small RBC that contain reduced amounts of hemoglobin
macrocytic anemia
unusually large stem cells in the marrow that mature into RBC that are unusually large
normochromic
sufficient hemoglobin
pernicious anemia
caused by vitamin b12 deficiency; spleen enlargement, yellow skin
normocytic-normochromic anemia
normal sized RBC, sufficient hemoglobin, but not enough RBC's
posthemorrhagic anemia
caused by sudden blood loss with normal iron stores
polycythemia
overproduction of RBC
relative polycythemia
results from dehydration; to much RBC for the amount of water
granulocytosis
increase in granulocytes