dementia
Insiduous onset, symptoms present long duration, mood and behavior labile, may have neurologic symptoms
delirium
acute confusional state, present with underlining disorders, MI, Pheumoninia, cancer, hyperthyroidism, and drug toxicity
xerstoma
dryness of the mouth
depression
Rapid onset, symptoms present for short term, lack of interest in answering questions, neuro symptoms not present
achlorhydria
A condition in which hydrochloric acid is absent in the stomach.
alzheimer's disease
an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning
orthostatic hypotension
decrease in blood pressure related to positional or postural changes from lying to sitting or standing positions
active transport
requires the cell to expand energy in moving ions against a concentration
passive transport
any type of transport that does not require energy
symport
secondary active transport where substances are moved in the same direction
four tissues types
epithelial --- muscle----connective-----neural
parts of the cell
endoplasmic reticulum---ribosomes----golgi apparatus---mitochondria---lysomomes----peroxisomes---proteasomes
hypertrophy
increases in cell size
hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells
metaplasia
replacement of adult cells
dysplasia
deranged cell growth of a specific tissue
necrosis
cell death in an organ or in tissues that are still part of a living organ
apoptosis
the process of program cell death
death
the permanent end of all life functions in an organism or part of an organism
infarction
localized necrosis resulting from obstruction of the blood supply
free radical
highly reactive chemicial species with an unpaired electron, which causes them to be instable and highly reactive
antioxidant
natural and synthetic molecules that inhibit the reactions of ROS with biological structors
ion
atom that has a positive or negative charge
reactive oyxgen species
oyxgen-containing molecules that highly reactive
interphase
., the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions
proliferation
process of cell division
differentaition
the process of specialization whereby new cells aquire the structure and function of the cells they replace
carcinoma
malignant tumor of epithelial tissue
benign neoplasm
a slow progressive rate of growth that may come to a standstill or regress, an expansive manner of growth, inability to metastasize to distant sites, composed of well- differtiated cells that resemble the cells of the tissue of orgin
malignant neoplasm
grow rapidly and spread widely, have the potienial to kill regardless of thier original location, tend to compress blood vessels and outgrow thier blood supply, cuasing ischemia and tissue necrosis, robs normal tissues of nutrients,
papilloma
benign microscopic or macroscopic fingerlike projections growing on a suface
pleomorphism
Variation in size and shape of both cells and nuclei
anoikis
The form of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, that occurs when a cell becomes dislodged from the ECM
anaplasia
is used to describe the loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue
virus
smallest pathongens, have no organized cellular strucure, consist of a protien coat surrounding a nucleic acid core of DNA or RNA
parasite
3 types-protozoans,helminths,athropods,
causes disease in animals animals tranmit disease to humans
bacteria
single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes
prion
an infectious particle that consists only of a protein and that does not contain DNA or RNA
pathology
The study of disease
biology
the science that studies living organisms
epidemiology
the study of factor, events, and circumstances that influeance the transmission of infectous disease among humans
symptomatology
collection of signs and symptoms expressed by host during disease course
epidemic
abrupt and unexpected increase in the incidence of disease over endemic rates
pandemic
spread of disease beyond continental bounderies
endemic
found in a particular geographic region
histamine
Chemical released by mast cells that increases the flow of blood and fluids to the infected area during an inflammatory response
cytokines
chemicals released by T helper cells that stimulate B cells, chemicals released by the immune system that attack infections and communicate with the brain to elicit anti-illness behaviors
fibroblasts
a connective tissue cell that synthesizes and secretes the collegen, proteoglycans, and glycoprotiens,needed for wound healing
arachadonic acid
a 20- carbon unsaturated fatty acid found in phospholipids of cell membranes-leads to the production of the eicosaniod family inflammatory mediators
signs of inflammation
rubor -redness
tumor-swelling
calor-heat
dolor-pain
functio laesa-loss of function
maturational phase
3rd phase of wound healing. development of scar
nutritional phase
...
transformational phase
...
activation phase
Development of allergic reactions;
which exposure (challenge) to antigen triggers the mast cells and basophils to respond by release of the contents of their granules.
AIDS
an infectious disease of the immune system caused by HIV
HAART
highly active antiretroviral therapy,, Generally entails combination therapy with protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors; initiated when patients have low CD4 counts below 500 cells/mm3 or high viral load
CDC
Centers for Disease Control - works to control infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, AIDS, diphtheria, malaria, typhus and the flu.
HIV
a retrovirus that causes profound immunosuppression
protease inhibitors
blocks the synthesis of new viral capsids
fusion inhibitors
work by inhibiting the binding of HIV to cells
reverse transcriptase inhibitors
prevent the synthesis of DNA in retroviruses
integrase inhibitors
drug that blocks HIV integration into the host genome
Signs and symptoms of AIDS
diarrhea that lasts for more than a week
dry cough
memory loss,depression and neurological disorder
pheuminia
profound, unexplained fatigue
rapid weight loss
recurring fever or profuse night sweats
red,brown, pink, or purplish blotches on or under the ski
cause of AIDS
HIV
glomerulus
small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of a nephron; where the filtration of water-soluble nutrients, wastes, and other small particles are filtered from the blood
nephron
the functional unit of the kidney, composed of vascular component, which connects to the circulatory system, and a tubular component, which has connections to both the circulatory system and the eliminationfunctions of the kidney
renal cortex
outer layer of the kidney
hilus
indented region of the kidney where the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter enter
ADH
a regulator of water output
Calcitonin
thyroid hormone that tends to lower the level of calcium in the blood plasma and inhibit resorption of bone
Aldosterone
salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure
Erythropoietin
regulates the differentiatiopn of red blood cells in bone marrow
cytoscope
used for direct visualization of the urethra, bladder, and ureters
ultrasonography
used to determine kidneys size
echocardiogram
a noninvasive test that uses ultrasound to visualize structures of the heart and evaluate left ventricular function
laparscopy
inspection of abdomin pelvic cavity with a tiny camera used to exam pelvic region and abdominal regions
intracellular fluid
consists of fluid contained within all of the billions of cells in body, largest compartment, two-thirds of the body water healthy adults, high in k+
extracellular fluid
contains all fluid outside the cells, including that in the interstitial or tissue spaces and blood vessels,contains 1/3 of body water,high in sodium
lymph
..., fluid originating in the organs and tissues of the body that is circulated through the lymph vessels
sodium
an electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys
magnesium
Helps build bones and teeth; helps build protein; helps muscles contract and relax; helps nerves communicate
potassium
An electrolyte important to body processes. The kidney regulates the balance and concentration within the blood, helps build protein; maintains fluids; helps nerves communicate; helps muscles contract
calcium
A mineral that is essential for bone growth, teeth development, blood coagulation, and many other functions, Mineral important to blood clotting and the functioning of the nervous system. It is an essential ingredient in the formation and maintenance of b
vasopressin
pituitary hormone that raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water and therefore to secrete highly concentrated urine
acromegly
Hypersecretion of GH after growth is complete,
Lower jaw, hands, ridges of eyebrow, hands and feet, Adults; growth outward, hyperpituitarism, enlargement or the extremities
diabetes insipidus
The Hyposecretion (deficiency) of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland, which results in the failure of the tubular re-absorption of water in the kidneys, causes what disease?
diabetes mellitus
condition that occurs when the pancreas produces too little insulin, resulting in an increase in the level of blood glucose
metabolic acidosis
acidosis and bicarbonate concentration in the body fluids resulting either from the accumulation of acids or the abnormal loss of bases from the body (as in diarrhea or renal disease)
metabolic alkalosis
a condition characterized by an excess of bicarbonate ions in the body in relation to the amount of carbonic acid in the body; the pH rises to greater than 7.45
respitory acidosis
- pH less than 7.35
- Hypoventilation - build up of CO2, carbonic acid accumulates in the blood
- build up (high levels) of CO2 causes the blood vessels to dialate which causes cerebral edema
respitory alkalosis
and increase in the rate of respiration increases the carbon dioxide exhaled, which decreases the formation of H+ ions and raises pH.
regulators of PH
chemical buffer systems of the body fluids-protiens and organic molecules
the lungs, which control the elimation of CO2--bicarbonate buffering system
the kidneys which elimante H+ and both reabsorb and generate HCO3
renal agenesis
interruption in the normal development of the kidney resulting in absence of the kidney; may be unilateral or bilateral
renal hyperplasia
a collection of genetic conditions that limit your adreanal glands ability to make certain vital hormones
renal hypolasia
failure of an organ to reach normal size
renal dysplasia
defined by microscopic features, is due renal parenchymal malformation of the fetal kidneys
types of kidney stones
.calcuim stones-oxalate or phosphate
magnesium ammonia phosphate stones-struvite stones-urea splitting uti's
uric acid stones-formed in acid urine with ph of approximatelty 5.5, gout
cystine stones-cystinuria-inherited disorder of amino acid metabolism-us
acute nephritic syndrome
glomeular syndrome dominated by the acute onset of usually grossly visible hematuria, proteinuria, azotemia, edema, and hypertension; it is the classic presentation of acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis.
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney
asymptomatic hematuria and protenuria
represent glomular disorders that are not reconized or brought to the attention of the health care professional and remain undiagnosed
...
...
types of acute renal failure
prerenal, intrarenal, postrenal
azotemia
presence of nitrogenous wastes in the blood
oliguria
low output of urine
isosthenuria
the inability to concentrate or dilute urine relative to the osmolarity of blood., Very dilute urine, can be a permanent condtion. Typically 67% of nephrons damaged.
uremia
excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood as a result of kidney failure
test to messure GFR
BUN, SERUM CREANTINE LEVEL IN BLOOD AND URINE,CYSTATIN-C
urinary vesicle
the bladder
bladder
elastic, muscular organ that holds urine until it leaves the body
urethra
tube that carries urine from the bladder and releases it from the body; in males, tube through which semen is released from the body
types of urinary incontinence
stress incontinence- involuntary loss of urine during coughing, laughing, sneezing, or lifting
urge incontinence-involunatary loss of urine associated with a strong desire to void
overflow - involuntary loss of urine that occurs when intravescular pressur
micturition
a function of the peripheral ans, and is the act of bladder emptying
voiding
urination
urination
process of expelling urine
paracrine
hormones act locally on cells other than those that produced the hormone
autocrine
acts on the cells from which they were produced -present in body fluids at all times in greater or lesser amounts as needed
apocrine
glands that produce sweat;confined to axillary and anogenital areas
exocrine
external secretions of a gland, which reach an epithelial surface either directly or through a duct
pineal gland
located in the center of the brain, functioning to secrete melatonin and serotonin
thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
subthalamus
the ventral part of the thalamus, movement control, pathways with basal ganglia
hypothalamus
a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
epinephrine
a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress (trade name Adrenalin)
norepinephrine
a catecholamine precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and also released at synapses
dopamine
a monoamine neurotransmitter found in the brain and essential for the normal functioning of the central nervous system
succinylcholine
a muscle relaxant for striated muscle that is used as an adjunct to anesthesia during certain surgical procedures
positive feedback
a physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change
negative feedback
a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation
insulin
hormone secreted by the isles of Langerhans in the pancreas-increases glucose transport into skeletal muscle and adipose tissue--increase glycogen--decrease gluconeogenisis
glucogon
produced in pancreas by alpha cells of the islet, increases the blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen (starch) into glucose----promotes glycogen breakdown---increases gluconegenesis
alpha cells
endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. They synthesize and secrete the peptide GLUCAGON, which increases glucose levels in the blood
beta cells
endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. They synthesize and secrete the hormone INSULIN, which lowers glucose levels in the blood
delta cells
specialized cells in the islets of langerhans of the pancreas that produce somatostatin (growth-hormone inhibiting hormone), which inhibits the production and release of glucagons and insulin and slows the rate of digestive absorption
PP cells
Apparently release pancreatic polypeptide, a hormone that may act to reduce the release of both enzyme-rich and alkaline-rich pancreatic secretions.
accessary organ
produces the fluid constituents of semen,ductile system aids in the storage and transport of spermatoza
penis
urine elimination and sexual function
prostate gland
secretes an alkaline fluid that helps neutralize semen's acidity and enhances sperm cell motility
ejaculatory duct
conveys sperm to ejaculatory duct
vas deferns
conveys sperm cells to ejaculatory duct
ampulla
the second portion of the uterine tube, it is intermediate dilated portion which curves over the ovary-flask like
genitial ducts/ductile system
(epididymides , vasdeferens, and ejactulatory system)tranporsts and stores sperm, assist in maturation
epididymis
coiled duct on top and at side of the testis that stores sperm before emission
urogential atrophy or vaginal atrophy
is an inflammation of the vagina (and the outer urinary tract) due to the thinning and shrinking of the tissues, as well as decreased lubrication. This is all due to a lack of the reproductive hormone estrogen. as seen in meno pause
endometriosis
condition characterized by migration of portions of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity
osteoperosis
excessive loss of calcium from the bones; blood cacium levels are depleted and bones lose their mineral mass, becomming progressively porus and vulnerable to fracture; common in older women
oxytoxin
produced by posterior pituitary gland, causes uterus to contract during childbirth, causes mammary glands to release milk during breastfeeding
prolactin
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that tarets the mammary glands stimulating them to produce breastmilk.
estrogen
produced by follicles, causes endometrium to thicken & increase the blood supply to prepare for possible pregnancy. Acts to inhibit levels of FSH (-ve feedback system) & stimulates the hypothalamus to release large amts. of LH.
progesterone
One of the hormones produced by the ovaries. It works with estrogen to control the menstrual cycle. Also secreted to prepare and sustain the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy