Syncope
Fainting
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing; breathlessness or shortness of breath
Palpitations
Rapid pulsations
Contraindication
A condition that makes a particular treatment or procedure inadvisable
Homan's Sign
A positive sign may mean that there is a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (clot) in the leg
Orthostatic Hypotension
A fall in systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of at least 10 mm Hg when a person assumes a standing position
Zone of Infarction
when the myocardium has been completely deprived of oxygen, cells die, & the tissue becomes necrotic in an area
Zone of Hypoxia
Immediately surround the area of infarction is a less seriously damaged area of injury; is reversible
Zone of Ischemia
another reversible zone adjacent to the zone of hypoxic injury
Vegetation
Formation of wartlike growths, that consist of fibrin & platelet (Infective Endocarditis)
Stenosis
narrowing or constriction
Orthopnea
difficulty breathing while lying down & it is relieved by sitting up
Arrhythmia
Disturbance of heart rate or rhythm caused by an abnormal rate of electrical impulse generation by the SA node or the abnormal conduction of impulses
Dysrhythmia
Disturbance of heart rate or rhythm caused by an abnormal rate of electrical impulse generation by the SA node or the abnormal conduction of impulses
Atrial Fibrillation (AF)
Condition in which there is rapid, involuntary, irregular muscular contractions of the atrial myocardium - quivering or fluttering instead of contracting normally
Ventricular Fibrillation
Electrical phenomenon that results in involuntary uncoordinated muscular contractions of the ventricular muscle; Frequent cause of cardiac arrest
Bradycardia
Heart beats slow (less than 50 beats/min)
Tachycardia
Heart beats fast (more than 100 beats/min)
Abbreviation: CAD
Coronary Artery Disease
Abbreviation: CHF
Congestive Heart Failure
Abbreviation: MI
Myocardial Infarction
Abbreviation: PTCA
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
Abbreviation: ECG/EKG
Electrocardiogram
Abbreviation: CABG
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
Abbreviation: NSAIDs
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Abbreviation: CHD
Congenital Heart Disease
Abbreviation: CVI
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Define Atherosclerosis
Thickening of the arterial wall through the accumulation of lipids, macrophages, T lymphocytes, smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix, calcium,& necrotic debris, can affect any of the arteries in Cardiovascular Disease
What are some MODIFIABLE risk factors contributing to Atherosclerosis?
Cessation of smoking, High cholesterol, Hypertension, Obesity, & Alcohol
What are some NON-MODIFIABLE risk factors contributing to Atherosclerosis?
Age, gender (Men > Women), Family hx, & Ethnicity
Define CAD (Coronary Artery Disease)
Condition in which plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries; ds of circulation & condition of vigorous ex
What is the use of Nitroglycerin?
It is used as a Vasodilator for Cardiovascular dz
What does Nitroglycerin do?
It dilates the peripheral blood vessels ( used in combination w/ diuretics)
Define Angina Pectoris
Chest pn caused by the lack of O2 to tissue
Define MI (Myocardial Infarction)
Heart Attack" - necrosis of myocardium
Who is most common to getting a MI (Myocardial Infarction)?
Most common to pts. w/ atherosclerosis
What is the most common site for an occlusion in an MI (Myocardial Infarction)?
The most common site for an occlusion is the L ventricle
Define Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)
anatomic defect in the heart that develops in utero during the first trimester & is present at birth
Define Sick Sinus Syndrome
Degeneration of conductive tissue that is necessary to maintain normal heart rhythm (conduction disturbance) & causes irregular arrhythmia increase tachycardia & bradycardia happening at once
What is a syndrome of conduction disturbance?
Sick Sinus Syndrome
What are diseases that affect the valves?
Stenosis, regurgitation, & vegetation
What is normal heart rate?
60-100 bpm
Define Heart Block
Blockage of electrical signals
What generates the heart rhythm & where is it located?
S.A. Node generates the heart rhythm & is located in the L atrium
What is a disease that affects the cardiac nervous system?
Arrhythmias
Define Arrhythmia
Disturbances of rate or rhythm
Define Infective Endocarditis
Infection of the endocardium, the lining inside the heart, & includes the heart valves
What is another name for Buerger's Disease?
Thromboangiitis Obliterans
Define Buerger's Disease
Vasculitis affecting the peripheral blood vessels (both arteries & veins) primarily in extremities
What is the key to the Buerger's Disease Prognosis? What will ultimately help these pts.?
Cessation of smoking & avoidance of environmental or secondhand smoke inhalation
Who gets Buerger's Disease?
Men younger than 40 who smoke heavily
Define Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium, the double-layer membrane surrounding the heart
When will P.T. & PTA likely see Pericarditis?
When its drug induced or those present in association w/ autoimmune diseases, after MI, in conjuction w/ renal failure, after open heart surgery, & after radiation therapy
How does Rheumatic Fever start?
With strep throat
What valves does Rheumatic Fever mainly affect?
Mitral valve first and then the Aortic valve
Define Rheumatic Fever
A form of endocarditis infection due to strep. A chronic condition caused by scarring & deformity of the heart valves
How did Rheumatic Fever get its name?
Because the 2 most common symptoms are fever & joint pn
In what general population does Rheumatic Fever appear?
Children aged 5-15 yrs
What is Infective Endocarditis frequently caused by?
Bacteria normally present in mouth, respiratory system, or GI Tract; or as a result of abnormal growths on the closure lines of preciously damaged valves
What does Infective Endocarditis damage?
Most commonly damages the mitral valve
In Thrombophlebitis what can be affected?
Superficial Veins
Thrombophlebitis is attributed to what?
Venous stasis, hypercoagulability, injury to venous wall
Define Thrombophlebitis
Blood clot (thrombus) inside inflamed vein
Silent ischemia is prevalent in what population?
Postmenopausal women, diabetics, & minorities
Define Arterial Thrombosis
A blood clot that develops in an artery.
Define Arterial Embolism
A sudden interruption of blood flow to an organ or body part due to a clot (embolus)
True or False: Buerger's Disease has to do with both arteries & veins
True
True or False: Raynaud's has to do with arteries
True
Define Raynaud's Disease
It is the primary disorder. Cause remains unknown, but appears to be caused by hypersensitivity of digital arteries to cold, release of serotonin, & genetic susceptibility to vasospasm.
What are the major risk factors for Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?
Immobility (Venous Stasis), Trauma (Venous Damage), Lifestyle (Hormonal Status & Smoking), Diabetes mellitus, genetic, Buerger's Disease, & etc
Define Lymphedema
Chronic swelling of an area from accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema), occurs in hematolymphatic vessels or lymph node
Most common cite for an aneurysm
Abdominal aorta
What is the most common postinfarction complication?
Arrhythmias w/ CHF, Heart can rupture, Embolism, Sudden death, Shock, & pericarditis
What are the clinical manifestations for Myocardial Infarction (MI) ?
Chest pn > 30 minutes, crushing chest pn that radiates up arm through neck & back, SOB, Fatigue, Unexplained anxiety, Pallor, Diaphoresis (sweating profusely)
Define Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
Congenital vascular malformations of the cerebral vasculature
What is to most common tumor found in the heart?
Myxoma
Does blood flow slower through arteries or veins?
Veins due to decreased pressure & the fact that they don't have muscle
What is a stent?
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty; (stent) Tube designed to be inserted into a vessel/passageway to keep it open
What part of the body does Buerger's Disease affect?
Hands & feet; Gangrene & ulcerations
What causes the destruction in Buerger's Disease?
Ischemia & occlusion cause destruction
What is the biggest risk factor for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?
Hypertension
Define Raynaud's Phenomenon
It is secondary to a disorder; Is often associated w/ Buerger's Disease or connective tissue disorders.
How can Raynaud's Disease & Phenomenon be triggered?
Cold temp, or strong emotions like anxiety or excitement
What are the symptoms of Angina Pectoris?
Ischemia, lasts 15-20 mins, temporary pn or discomfort, & radiates to L shoulder (proximal to distal)
What are 4 triggers of Angina Pectoris?
Physical exersion (increase ex), increase in pulse rate (HR/BP), Vasoconstriction, Emotional stress
What kind of Angina is Vasospastic, varient, & cornary artery spasm?
Prinzmetals
What kind of Angina is Unpredictable, abrupt, & intense?
Unstable Pre Infarction
What kind of Angina develops for 1st time (for 2wks) & considered unstable
New Onset
What kind of Angina is very predictable by level of body stress, no pn at rest, & responds to rest or nitroglycerin?
Chronic Stable/Classical Exersional
What kind of Angina is a typical-predictable form, happens at the SAME time each day for no apparant reason, & no relieved w/ rest?
Decubitus (Resting)
What kind of Angina awakens person who's asleep?
Nocturnal
What kind of Angina happens AFTER an MI & ischemia triggers an attack?
Postinfarct
What relieves SnS of Angina & why?
Nitroglycerin (vasodilator) b/c it opens for blood flow; Lumen widen
What are the signs & symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease?
SOB, Chest pn, irregular heart beat, & swollen ankles
Define Arteriosclerosis
A group of diseases characterized by thickening & loss of elasticity of the arterial walls, often referred to as hardening of arteries
...
...