Ch. 1 Braun book
Syndrome
Specific condition with a recognizable, predictable pattern
Pathogenesis
Point of disease onset or disease beginning (ex. diabetes, cell destruction can begin years before the onset of the disease)
Etiology
Precise cause of disease
Pathogen
Disease causing microorganism
Idiopathic
No known etiology (cause of disease)
Nosocomial
Disease is the result of exposure to infection in health care environment
Iatrogenic
Diseases are those that are inadvertent result of medical treatment
Clinical Manifestations
Presenting signs and symptoms of the disease that are measurable or observable
Local
Manifestations that are found directly at the site of the disease and are confined in a specific area
Systemic
Manifestations present throughout the body that are not confined to one area. (fever, lethargy, generalized body aching, or high blood pressure)
Acute
Manifestations or diseases that begin abruptly and last a few days or months
Chronic
Diseases that generally last longer than 6 months and have a gradual onset
Subacute
Diseases that fall between acute and chronic in duration and severity
Asymptomatic
Person does not have any noticeable symptoms even though diagnostic tests may indicate that the disease is present (pap smears, mammograms, blood pressure measurements)
Nursing Diagnoses
Describes human response to illness, such as altered fluid balance and ineffective airway clearance
Prognosis
Forecast or prediction of how person will proceed through the disease process
Morbidity
Negative outcome with disease complications that impact the quality of life
Incidence
Rate of occurrence of disease at any given time
Epidemic
Dramatic increase in disease in population
Pandemic
Epidemic spreads across continent
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Prevention
Primary: Prohibits disease condition from occurring (wearing a helmet, wearing a seat belt)
Secondary: Early detection and treatment of disease through screening (self breast exam, or testicular self examination)Tertiary: preventing complications or progr
Ch. 2 Braun book
Plasma Membrane
Protects cell by creating a barrier that separates intracellular components from extracellular internment surrounding it
Bilayer ( two interconnected layers)
Composed of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins
Phosphate Head
Polar or Hydrophilic
Lipid Tail
Nonpolar or Hydrophobic (composed largely of cholesterol)
Transmembrane Proteins
Proteins that pass through the membrane allowing communication and transport between extracellular and intracellular environments.
Channel Proteins
Allow for transport of ions (atoms with an electrical charge) across that plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Colloidal substance surrounding the cell nucleus composed of water proteins, fats, electrolytes, glycogen and pigments
Organelles
Structures within a cell that preform a distinct function
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Complex network of tubules producing proteins and fats. Regulation of ions within the cell.
Rough: Synthesis of proteins via bound ribosomes. Produces lysosomal enzymes
Smooth: Synthesis of lipids, lipoproteins ,and steroid hormones. Regulates intracellul
Golgi Apparatus
Membranous structure, prepares substances produced by endoplasmic reticulum for secretion out of the cell
Lysosome
Small sacs surrounded by membrane. Digest cellular debris with hydrolytic enzymes. Important in metabolism of particular substances
Peroxisomes
Membrane enclosed sacs. Promote survival of cell by neutralizing harmful substances potentially damaging to cell
Proteosomes
Large organelles that recognize abnormally folded or formed proteins. Involved in proteolysis (breakdown of proteins)
Mitochondria
Producer of cellular energy. (ATP)
Diffusion
Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to lower concentration
Osmosis
Process by which water passively moves cross a semipermeable cell membrane
Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of some substances require the use of transport proteins
Leak Channels
Open without need for stimulation
Gated Channels
Open and close in response to stimuli
Voltage-gated
Stimulated by change in membrane potential (charge inside a cell membrane in relation to the surrounding extracellular fluid)
Ligand-gated
Stimulated by receptor-ligand binding
Mechanically gated
Stimulated by vibration, stretching and pressure
Active Transport
Require energy when transporting particles across the cell membrane
Ingestion
Endocytosis
Process used to transport large substances into cells
Phagocytosis: ingesting large particles such as cells, bacteria and damaged cellular components. Defense in body from foreign invaders
Pinocytosis: ATP requiring process of ingesting small vesicles
Secretion
Exocytosis
Carbs bind w/ proteins in Golgi apparatus to form lg. glycoproteins to be secreated (release metabolic products from cell) Golgi works w/ ER to package products into vesicles then direct delivery within and outside cell. Vesicles move from Golgi into the
Anaerobic Respiration
Process of ATP production that occurs without oxyen.
Aerobic Respiration
(with oxygen) glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water the total oxidation allows for the maximum amount of energy to be released.
Glycolysis
Process of breaking down glucose in cytosol of the cell, occurs in the absence of oxygen, releasing only a small amount of energy
Ch.5 Braun
Resident Flora
Microorganisms that live on or within the body in nonsterile areas (skin, mucous membranes, bowel, rectum or vagina without causing harm)
Pathogen
Disease producing microbe. To cause disease in humans, a pathogen must be capable of binding specific receptors on human host cell.
1.Direct destruction of host cell by the pathogen
2.Interference with the host cells metabolic function
3. Exposing the hos
Pathogenicity
Qualities that promote the production of disease, involves multiple factors, including the pathogen potency, invasivness, ability to evade the immune system, speed of replication, production of toxins, adherence to the human host cell, and degree of tissu
Virulence
Potency of the pathogen indicated by the ratio of the number of cases of disease in a population compared with the number of people exposed to the microorganism
Infectivity
Proportion of exposures needed to cause infection in an individual based on the pathogens ability to enter, survive in and multiply in the host.
Toxigenicity
Ability of pathogen to produce harmful toxins that increase host cell and tissue damage
Antigenicity
Level to which a pathogen is viewed by the host immune system as foreign.
Coinfection
Phenomenon of hosting two or more pathogens simultaneously
Superinfection
Infection arises in addition to one that is already present. Results from compromised host defenses and over proliferation of resident flora
Bacteria
Single celled microorganism. Most can reproduce outside of host cell
Bacteria Shapes
Cocci: Spheres
Bacilli: Rods
Spirochetes: Spirals
Cytosol
Cytoplasm of bacteria. Contains ribosomes, proteins, and carbohydrates. Does not contain mitochondria, ER
Endotoxins
Complex of phosolipid-polysaccharides molecules that form the structural component of the gram negative wall. Causes inflammatory mediators to be released, leading to a massive inflammatory response.
Pyogenic
Induces fever
Exotoxins
Bacteria are capable of producing toxins, which result in host cell dysfunction or lysis. Release bacterial derived proteins, released into the surrounding tissues that cause local or systemic injury to the host
Viruses
Obligate intracellular parasites. Cannot replicate outside the host cell. Bind to a specific receptors on the host cell then move into the host cell
Fungi
Large organisms compared to bacteria and viruses. Have nuclear membrane, cytoplasm and organelles.
Yeasts: Unicellular forms
Molds: Multicellular forms
Opportunistic Pathogens
Cause disease only in a host with a compromised immune system
Communicable Diseases
Those that spread from person to person, often through contact with infected blood and body fluids