Patho Exam 1 Review

Ch. 1 Braun book
Syndrome

Specific condition with a recognizable, predictable pattern

Pathogenesis

Point of disease onset or disease beginning (ex. diabetes, cell destruction can begin years before the onset of the disease)

Etiology

Precise cause of disease

Pathogen

Disease causing microorganism

Idiopathic

No known etiology (cause of disease)

Nosocomial

Disease is the result of exposure to infection in health care environment

Iatrogenic

Diseases are those that are inadvertent result of medical treatment

Clinical Manifestations

Presenting signs and symptoms of the disease that are measurable or observable

Local

Manifestations that are found directly at the site of the disease and are confined in a specific area

Systemic

Manifestations present throughout the body that are not confined to one area. (fever, lethargy, generalized body aching, or high blood pressure)

Acute

Manifestations or diseases that begin abruptly and last a few days or months

Chronic

Diseases that generally last longer than 6 months and have a gradual onset

Subacute

Diseases that fall between acute and chronic in duration and severity

Asymptomatic

Person does not have any noticeable symptoms even though diagnostic tests may indicate that the disease is present (pap smears, mammograms, blood pressure measurements)

Nursing Diagnoses

Describes human response to illness, such as altered fluid balance and ineffective airway clearance

Prognosis

Forecast or prediction of how person will proceed through the disease process

Morbidity

Negative outcome with disease complications that impact the quality of life

Incidence

Rate of occurrence of disease at any given time

Epidemic

Dramatic increase in disease in population

Pandemic

Epidemic spreads across continent

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Prevention

Primary: Prohibits disease condition from occurring (wearing a helmet, wearing a seat belt)
Secondary: Early detection and treatment of disease through screening (self breast exam, or testicular self examination)Tertiary: preventing complications or progr

Ch. 2 Braun book
Plasma Membrane

Protects cell by creating a barrier that separates intracellular components from extracellular internment surrounding it

Bilayer ( two interconnected layers)

Composed of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins

Phosphate Head

Polar or Hydrophilic

Lipid Tail

Nonpolar or Hydrophobic (composed largely of cholesterol)

Transmembrane Proteins

Proteins that pass through the membrane allowing communication and transport between extracellular and intracellular environments.

Channel Proteins

Allow for transport of ions (atoms with an electrical charge) across that plasma membrane

Cytoplasm

Colloidal substance surrounding the cell nucleus composed of water proteins, fats, electrolytes, glycogen and pigments

Organelles

Structures within a cell that preform a distinct function

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Complex network of tubules producing proteins and fats. Regulation of ions within the cell.
Rough: Synthesis of proteins via bound ribosomes. Produces lysosomal enzymes
Smooth: Synthesis of lipids, lipoproteins ,and steroid hormones. Regulates intracellul

Golgi Apparatus

Membranous structure, prepares substances produced by endoplasmic reticulum for secretion out of the cell

Lysosome

Small sacs surrounded by membrane. Digest cellular debris with hydrolytic enzymes. Important in metabolism of particular substances

Peroxisomes

Membrane enclosed sacs. Promote survival of cell by neutralizing harmful substances potentially damaging to cell

Proteosomes

Large organelles that recognize abnormally folded or formed proteins. Involved in proteolysis (breakdown of proteins)

Mitochondria

Producer of cellular energy. (ATP)

Diffusion

Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to lower concentration

Osmosis

Process by which water passively moves cross a semipermeable cell membrane

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of some substances require the use of transport proteins

Leak Channels

Open without need for stimulation

Gated Channels

Open and close in response to stimuli

Voltage-gated

Stimulated by change in membrane potential (charge inside a cell membrane in relation to the surrounding extracellular fluid)

Ligand-gated

Stimulated by receptor-ligand binding

Mechanically gated

Stimulated by vibration, stretching and pressure

Active Transport

Require energy when transporting particles across the cell membrane

Ingestion
Endocytosis

Process used to transport large substances into cells
Phagocytosis: ingesting large particles such as cells, bacteria and damaged cellular components. Defense in body from foreign invaders
Pinocytosis: ATP requiring process of ingesting small vesicles

Secretion
Exocytosis

Carbs bind w/ proteins in Golgi apparatus to form lg. glycoproteins to be secreated (release metabolic products from cell) Golgi works w/ ER to package products into vesicles then direct delivery within and outside cell. Vesicles move from Golgi into the

Anaerobic Respiration

Process of ATP production that occurs without oxyen.

Aerobic Respiration

(with oxygen) glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water the total oxidation allows for the maximum amount of energy to be released.

Glycolysis

Process of breaking down glucose in cytosol of the cell, occurs in the absence of oxygen, releasing only a small amount of energy

Ch.5 Braun
Resident Flora

Microorganisms that live on or within the body in nonsterile areas (skin, mucous membranes, bowel, rectum or vagina without causing harm)

Pathogen

Disease producing microbe. To cause disease in humans, a pathogen must be capable of binding specific receptors on human host cell.
1.Direct destruction of host cell by the pathogen
2.Interference with the host cells metabolic function
3. Exposing the hos

Pathogenicity

Qualities that promote the production of disease, involves multiple factors, including the pathogen potency, invasivness, ability to evade the immune system, speed of replication, production of toxins, adherence to the human host cell, and degree of tissu

Virulence

Potency of the pathogen indicated by the ratio of the number of cases of disease in a population compared with the number of people exposed to the microorganism

Infectivity

Proportion of exposures needed to cause infection in an individual based on the pathogens ability to enter, survive in and multiply in the host.

Toxigenicity

Ability of pathogen to produce harmful toxins that increase host cell and tissue damage

Antigenicity

Level to which a pathogen is viewed by the host immune system as foreign.

Coinfection

Phenomenon of hosting two or more pathogens simultaneously

Superinfection

Infection arises in addition to one that is already present. Results from compromised host defenses and over proliferation of resident flora

Bacteria

Single celled microorganism. Most can reproduce outside of host cell

Bacteria Shapes

Cocci: Spheres
Bacilli: Rods
Spirochetes: Spirals

Cytosol

Cytoplasm of bacteria. Contains ribosomes, proteins, and carbohydrates. Does not contain mitochondria, ER

Endotoxins

Complex of phosolipid-polysaccharides molecules that form the structural component of the gram negative wall. Causes inflammatory mediators to be released, leading to a massive inflammatory response.

Pyogenic

Induces fever

Exotoxins

Bacteria are capable of producing toxins, which result in host cell dysfunction or lysis. Release bacterial derived proteins, released into the surrounding tissues that cause local or systemic injury to the host

Viruses

Obligate intracellular parasites. Cannot replicate outside the host cell. Bind to a specific receptors on the host cell then move into the host cell

Fungi

Large organisms compared to bacteria and viruses. Have nuclear membrane, cytoplasm and organelles.
Yeasts: Unicellular forms
Molds: Multicellular forms

Opportunistic Pathogens

Cause disease only in a host with a compromised immune system

Communicable Diseases

Those that spread from person to person, often through contact with infected blood and body fluids