patho 2.0

Proliferation of cells is called

rapid growth or reproduction of new cells

Define Neoplasm

abnormal growth in which cell multiplication is uncontrolled and progressive

Grading of malignant tumors is based on

�T= tumor or primary lesion and its extent �M= distant metastasis �N= lymph nodes or the region and their condition

Define neutropenia and precautions patient's must take

neutropenia is low white blood count Can't have fresh fruits or flowers in room. Protect patient from us.

Define apoptosis

cell suicide"- a conserved cell process for the controlled elimination of excessive, dangerous, or damaged cells

What role does apoptosis play in abnormal cells

Especially important in controlling replicating viruses and intracellular bacteria due to antibody not being able to readily penetrate the membrane of living cells.

Hypotonic solutions cause fluid to shift from

extracellular to intercellular

Define plasma osmolality

the measure of the concentration of substances in blood

An increase in plasma osmolality causes what to happen to hormones

Causes ADH to be released. This increases water in blood and restores normal osmolality.

A decrease in plasma osmolality causes what to happen to hormones

Causes ADH to be suppressed.

What type of IV fluid works best to treat hyovolemia? Why

Isotonic fluids have the same tonicity as plasma

PTH is____ Where does it come from_____Deficiency causes what electrolyte disturbance:

Parathyroid hormone ---- When plasma calcium is high, PTH is inhibited and calcium is deposited in bone When plasma calcium is low PTH is stimulated and calcium is mobilized from the bone

What organs are the most important in maintaining acid-base balance

Chemical Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys

Which one is the most effective

Kidneys

What acid-base disturbance should the nurse be concerned about in a patient with end-stage renal failure

Metabolic Acidosis

What are the normal ABG values

pH 7.35-7.45 CO2 35-45 hCo3-22-26

Assessment data that could aid in confirming the patient has a low serum protein level would include

albumin

What causes kidney stones

supersaturated urine high in calcium

What are the chemical mediators that are released during an inflammatory response

Histamine-1st, cytokines, leukotriens, prostaglandins (Bradykinin), platelet activating factor, Nitrous oxide.

List the steps in order of the inflammatory response and explain each

Vascular stage, vasodilation and capillary permeability then cellular stage comes to bring the WBC's to clean up

What is fever? What does it result from

fever due to chemical mediators cytokines

What lab values would indicate an inflammatory response

ESR- less than 20 in men and less than 30 in women and CRP less than or equal to 8

Define autoimmune disease

breakdown in the ability of the immune system to differentiate self and nonself antigens

What cardiac medication is used to decrease heart rate and increases the force of the myocardial contraction? You must assess the AP for one full minute prior to its administration.

Cardiac glycosides- Digoxin. (positive inotrope).

How do ACE-inhibitors work?

Work in lungs to block conversion of Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2 by blocking the converter enzyme.

What factors contribute to ascites in a patient with cirrhosis

Increase in capillary pressure due to portal HTN ---- Obstruction of venous flow through the liver ---- Salt and water retention by the kidney ---- Decreased colloidal pressure due to impaired synthesis of albumin by the liver

Explain Chrohn's disease

is a chronic relapsing inflammatory condition usually with flare-ups alternating with periods of remission, and an increasing disease severity and incidence of complications as time goes on.

Fistulas are a complication of which inflammatory bowel disease

Chrohn's disease

Explain the patho of GERD

lower esophageal sphincter barrier is disrupted and acid goes from stomach to esophagus

What is H pylori

infection found in peptic ulcer disease

Chrohn's disease is thought to be due to excessive activation of what type of cells

T cell lymphocytes

Why is FVD a concern with Small Bowel Obstruction

Small intestine absorbs water, if bowel is obstructed, water can't be absorbed.

Chronic liver failure is associated with what type of hepatitis

hepatitis C

What causes Cirrhosis

Hep C, Alcohol, or bile obstruction. The liver becomes fibrotic

What is the normal characteristic of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

Clear, sticky, maybe be slight yellow in color

With hepatic encephalopathy, the neurological symptoms are a result of elevated levels of

ammonia

Why does shock develop with burns

Hypovolemic- fluids rush out of the capillaries causing low blood volume.

What is the normal pulse pressure

40

What is a widened pulse pressure? Narrow pulse pressure

widened is greater than 40 narrow is less than 40

Define Central Venous Pressure

measure of right ventricular preload�reflects intravascular fluid volume status�hypovolemia, normovolemia, hypervolemia

Define Preload

work imposed on the heart before contraction begins

What do alpha-adrenergic receptors do

Cause vasoconstriction

Pernicious anemia is caused by

lack of Vitamin B12

What is the classification and action of Dopamine

classified as a positive inotrope, Drugs that increase contractility

How does nutrition play a role in wound healing

Vit C is needed for collagen synthesis and Vit A stimulates and supports epithelialization, capillary formation, and collagen synthesis

Diabetes impairs the immune response due to it doing what to the blood vessels

Small blood vessel disease -impairing delivery of inflammatory cells, oxygen, and nutrients to wound site.

Latex allergy is caused by hypersensitivity of which immunoglobulin

IgE

Define nephritic syndrome with clinical manifestations

Condition of increased glomerular permeability that allows larger molecules to pass through the membrane into the urine and be removed from the blood, Severe loss of protein into the urine

What does aldosterone do? Where is it secreted

hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium ions and water, adrenal gland

What is Mannitol? It is used to treat

osmotic diuretic, treatment of the oliguric phase of acute renal failure also treats increased ICP