Proliferation of cells is called
rapid growth or reproduction of new cells
Define Neoplasm
abnormal growth in which cell multiplication is uncontrolled and progressive
Grading of malignant tumors is based on
�T= tumor or primary lesion and its extent �M= distant metastasis �N= lymph nodes or the region and their condition
Define neutropenia and precautions patient's must take
neutropenia is low white blood count Can't have fresh fruits or flowers in room. Protect patient from us.
Define apoptosis
cell suicide"- a conserved cell process for the controlled elimination of excessive, dangerous, or damaged cells
What role does apoptosis play in abnormal cells
Especially important in controlling replicating viruses and intracellular bacteria due to antibody not being able to readily penetrate the membrane of living cells.
Hypotonic solutions cause fluid to shift from
extracellular to intercellular
Define plasma osmolality
the measure of the concentration of substances in blood
An increase in plasma osmolality causes what to happen to hormones
Causes ADH to be released. This increases water in blood and restores normal osmolality.
A decrease in plasma osmolality causes what to happen to hormones
Causes ADH to be suppressed.
What type of IV fluid works best to treat hyovolemia? Why
Isotonic fluids have the same tonicity as plasma
PTH is____ Where does it come from_____Deficiency causes what electrolyte disturbance:
Parathyroid hormone ---- When plasma calcium is high, PTH is inhibited and calcium is deposited in bone When plasma calcium is low PTH is stimulated and calcium is mobilized from the bone
What organs are the most important in maintaining acid-base balance
Chemical Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys
Which one is the most effective
Kidneys
What acid-base disturbance should the nurse be concerned about in a patient with end-stage renal failure
Metabolic Acidosis
What are the normal ABG values
pH 7.35-7.45 CO2 35-45 hCo3-22-26
Assessment data that could aid in confirming the patient has a low serum protein level would include
albumin
What causes kidney stones
supersaturated urine high in calcium
What are the chemical mediators that are released during an inflammatory response
Histamine-1st, cytokines, leukotriens, prostaglandins (Bradykinin), platelet activating factor, Nitrous oxide.
List the steps in order of the inflammatory response and explain each
Vascular stage, vasodilation and capillary permeability then cellular stage comes to bring the WBC's to clean up
What is fever? What does it result from
fever due to chemical mediators cytokines
What lab values would indicate an inflammatory response
ESR- less than 20 in men and less than 30 in women and CRP less than or equal to 8
Define autoimmune disease
breakdown in the ability of the immune system to differentiate self and nonself antigens
What cardiac medication is used to decrease heart rate and increases the force of the myocardial contraction? You must assess the AP for one full minute prior to its administration.
Cardiac glycosides- Digoxin. (positive inotrope).
How do ACE-inhibitors work?
Work in lungs to block conversion of Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2 by blocking the converter enzyme.
What factors contribute to ascites in a patient with cirrhosis
Increase in capillary pressure due to portal HTN ---- Obstruction of venous flow through the liver ---- Salt and water retention by the kidney ---- Decreased colloidal pressure due to impaired synthesis of albumin by the liver
Explain Chrohn's disease
is a chronic relapsing inflammatory condition usually with flare-ups alternating with periods of remission, and an increasing disease severity and incidence of complications as time goes on.
Fistulas are a complication of which inflammatory bowel disease
Chrohn's disease
Explain the patho of GERD
lower esophageal sphincter barrier is disrupted and acid goes from stomach to esophagus
What is H pylori
infection found in peptic ulcer disease
Chrohn's disease is thought to be due to excessive activation of what type of cells
T cell lymphocytes
Why is FVD a concern with Small Bowel Obstruction
Small intestine absorbs water, if bowel is obstructed, water can't be absorbed.
Chronic liver failure is associated with what type of hepatitis
hepatitis C
What causes Cirrhosis
Hep C, Alcohol, or bile obstruction. The liver becomes fibrotic
What is the normal characteristic of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
Clear, sticky, maybe be slight yellow in color
With hepatic encephalopathy, the neurological symptoms are a result of elevated levels of
ammonia
Why does shock develop with burns
Hypovolemic- fluids rush out of the capillaries causing low blood volume.
What is the normal pulse pressure
40
What is a widened pulse pressure? Narrow pulse pressure
widened is greater than 40 narrow is less than 40
Define Central Venous Pressure
measure of right ventricular preload�reflects intravascular fluid volume status�hypovolemia, normovolemia, hypervolemia
Define Preload
work imposed on the heart before contraction begins
What do alpha-adrenergic receptors do
Cause vasoconstriction
Pernicious anemia is caused by
lack of Vitamin B12
What is the classification and action of Dopamine
classified as a positive inotrope, Drugs that increase contractility
How does nutrition play a role in wound healing
Vit C is needed for collagen synthesis and Vit A stimulates and supports epithelialization, capillary formation, and collagen synthesis
Diabetes impairs the immune response due to it doing what to the blood vessels
Small blood vessel disease -impairing delivery of inflammatory cells, oxygen, and nutrients to wound site.
Latex allergy is caused by hypersensitivity of which immunoglobulin
IgE
Define nephritic syndrome with clinical manifestations
Condition of increased glomerular permeability that allows larger molecules to pass through the membrane into the urine and be removed from the blood, Severe loss of protein into the urine
What does aldosterone do? Where is it secreted
hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium ions and water, adrenal gland
What is Mannitol? It is used to treat
osmotic diuretic, treatment of the oliguric phase of acute renal failure also treats increased ICP