Primary prevention:
Actions aimed at prevention of disease.
Seat belt, chlorination and fluoridation of water, sunscreen, helmet, nutritious diet, taking vitamins, washing of hands.
Secondary prevention:
Actions (mainly, screening) aimed at early detection and prompt treatment of disease.
Pap smear, mammogram, physical
Tertiary prevention:
Treatment and rehabilitation measures aimed at preventing further progress of the existing disease.
Chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, blood transfusion
Etiology
the cause; one half of pathogenesis
Risk Factors
are multiple factors that predispose to a particular disease.
Diagnosis vs. Nursing Diagnosis
Is the designation or LABEL as to the nature or cause or a health problem.
vs.
A designation/label that focuses on the HUMAN RESPONSE to the condition.
Clinical manifestations
Signs and Symptoms
Sign
an observable/measurable expression of the altered health condition; a manifestation that is noted by an observer.
An elevated temperature, a swollen extremity, and changes in pupil size
OBJECTIVE
Symptoms
is a complaint/indicator that is reported by the ill person
Pain, difficulty breathing, and dizziness
SUBJECTIVE
Syndrome
a cluster of clinical manifestations, labs, diagnostic tests that fit a recognizeable & predictable pattern; is a compilation of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a specific disease state
TYPE OF MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS
Complications
are possible adverse extensions of a disease or outcomes from treatment
Sequelae
are lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by a disease.
Clinical Course
Discribes the evolution of a disease (acute, sub acute, and chronic)
Acute
abrupt in onset, lasting a few days to a few months
Subacute
intermediate or between acute and chronic
Chronic course
gradual in onset, occurring over a long period (6 months or more)
Pathophysiology
physiology of altered health states; the functional changes that accompany an injury, syndrome or disease
Pathology
deals with the study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease/injury
Patho is different from pathophysiology because it looks at how these changes impact the entire body.
Physiology
deals with the functions of the human body
What is the order of the disease process?
Etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, clinical manifestations, and prognosis.
Pathogenesis
origination/development of a disease/illness. HOW THE DISEASE PROCESS EVOLVES (and RESOLVES)
Morphology
refers to the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissue
Morphological changes
refers to the gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristic of a disease.
Clinical manifestation
the way a disease manifest itself.
epidemiology, and the reasons it's important
the study of disease occurrence in human populations
allows us to identify a disease's patterns/causes, & understand how to control it & apply the three levels of prevention.
1. where probs are most prevalent
2. who is most affected
3. WHY said population
Incidence
chance of occurrence; reflects the number or new cases arising in a population at risk during a specified time
Prevalence
what has already occurred; is a measure of existing disease (%) in a population at a given point in time
Morbidity
diseased state; functional effects of a disease on the body; poor quality of life
Mortality
death rate; death producing effect of disease
State the World Health Organization definition of health
state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.
structure vs. function
Parts & their placement; Actions/workings
Anatomy vs. physiology
8 related sciences (to pathophys)
ABCHMMPP ("ab chimp")
Anatomy
Biology
Chemistry
Histology
Microbiology
Morphology
Pathology
Physiology
histology
study of minute structures of cells/tissues, via microscope; a branch of anatomy.
morphology
study of form/structure of animals & plants; looks at how cells/tissues change in form after encountering disease; a branch of biology
microbiology
study of microscopic forms of life
4 dimensions of human "health
emotional
physical
psychosocial
spiritual
health
being sound in mind, body & spirit
homeostasis
dynamic steady state marked by appropriate regulatory responses in the body
illness
a state resulting from suffering or distress
disease
impairment of cell, tissue, organ or system functioning; disturbance of body structure/function; poses a challenge to homeostasis; presence or absence marked by specific signs/symptoms
risk factors vs. precipitating factors
vulnerabilities vs. triggers; relevant to pathogenesis
idiopathic
lacking a clear cause
nosocomial
illness caused by exposure to a health care environment
(considered a medical error; health insurance won't reimburse for costs related to nosocomial complications.)
iatrogenic
illness that result (inadvertently) from medical treatment
(considered a medical error; health insurance won't reimburse for costs related to nosocomial complications.)
prognosis
forecast/prediction of how the person will proceed through the health condition.
endemic
a condition with stable/predictable incidence/prevalence
epidemic
above the endemic rate; dramatic increase in incidence of a condition.
pandemic
an epidemic spread across continents; ex - H1N1
biomedicine
systematic scientific study of biological processes & western medicine; assumes disease has an identifiable cause & curing the cause will resolve the symptoms.
16 functional concepts of altered health
1. basic alterations in cells/tissues
2. inflammation
3. immunity
4. infection
5. genetic/developmental disorders
6. altered cell proliferation/differentiation
7. altered fluid/electrolyte balance & acid/base balance
8. altered neuronal transmission
9. al
pathologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing/classifying diseases by studying the morphology of cells/tissues.
6 factors impacting variations in health (related to diversity)
age
ethnicity
gender
locale
race
socioeconomic factors
prevention vs. intervention
prevention = stopped the onset/progression of disease
intervention = specific action in relation to treatment of the disease
lesion
well-defined, characteristic structural change in tissue/organs as a result of disease
organic disease vs. functional disease
aka, STRUCTURAL disease; verify via gross/histologic examination
no morphological abnormalities, but body functions are disturbed (ie, indigestion)
5 classes of disease
1. metabolic - hyperthyroidism
2. neoplastic - benign lipoma; malignant lung cancer
3. congenital/hereditary - hemophilia
4. inflammatory - type 1 diabetes
5. degenerative - arthritis