Accumulation of which of the following molecules results in irreversible cell injury?
Calcium
The process of muscle hypertrophy involves an increase in:
protein synthesis
Free radicals directly injure cells by each of the following mechanisms:
alterations of proteins, lipid per-oxidation, DNA fragmentation
Ethanol (alcohol) causes cell injury by which of the following mechanisms?
Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
Atypical hyperplasia (dysplasia) is characterized by abnormal changes in:
cell organization, cell size, cell shape
Pathologic hyperplasia can lead to:
metaplasia
Why is carbon monoxide exposure a life-threatening condition?
Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin and prevents normal oxygen transport to tissues
Which of the following blunt injuries is most likely to result in sever external hemorrhage?
Avulsion (a laceration that results in tissue avulsion can cause damage to large blood vessels, resulting in severe hemorrhage)
A direct results of anaerobic metabolism during hypoxic cell injury is:
metabolic acidosis
The process of cellular atrophy may be accomplished through which of the following processes?
Formation of autophagic vacuoles.
The population group most vulnerable to lead poisoning is:
children
An individual with damage to the spinal cord may experience atrophy of which of the following organs?
Skeletal muscles
The process by which cells program themselves to die is called:
apoptosis
Lead poisoning affects nervous system function by which of the following mechanisms?
Lead interferes with neurotransmitter release.
In compensatory hyperplasia, growth factors stimulate cell division in response to
tissue loss or injury
Liquefactive necrosis typically occurs after severe hypoxic injury to which of the following organs?
Brain
The major mechanism of injury in drowning is:
hypoxemia
Injury to the endoplasmic reticulum due to hypoxic injury results in:
a decrease in protein synthesis
Adaptive cellular mechanisms function to:
protect cells from injury
What are accepted theories of aging?
Degeneration of extracellular materials such as collagen contributes to aging.
Cellular aging results from wear and tear over the course of a lifetime
Genetic mechanisms of aging are programmed in a cell's DNA.
Fetal exposure to alcohol during pregnancy can result in
mental retardation, low birth weight
Cellular atrophy involves:
a decrease or shrinkage in cellular size.
A contusion injury results in:
bleeding in the skin or underlying tissues
Metaplasia occurs in response to:
cell injury from noxious stimuli
Lysosomal rupture during hypoxic injury leads to:
Autodigestion of cells
During strangulation injuries, airway can be caused by a fracture of which bone
Hyoid
Which of the following organs is affected by Gaucher disease?
Live, spleen, bone marrow
Which is a primary source of food contamination by cadmium in Japan?
soil contamination from pesticides and fertilizers
Tay-Sachs disease results in the accumulation of?
Lipids in the nerve cells of the brain.
Vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene are molecules in food that act as:
antioxidants
Death by suffocation can occur within minutes when inspired oxygen drops to less than
5%
In response to an increased workload, such as that caused by high blood pressure (hypertension), myocardial cells in the left ventricle will adapt through the process of:
Hypertrophy
A laceration in which the subcutaneous tissue is torn loose is called:
an avulsion
What are the primary factors contributing to oncosis from hypoxic injury?
Decrease in ATP production and sodium movement into the cell
Restoration of oxygen to oxygen-deprived tissues results in:
reperfusion injury
Which of the following molecules accumulates in liver cells as a result of alcohol abuse
Fat (lipids)
The postmortem decrease in body temperature is called:
algor mortis
Which of the following molecules is likely to accumulate in any dead or dying tissues
Calcium
Metaplasia involves the replacement of normal cells by:
another type of cell
Which of the following is a form of metaplasia that can occur in the human body
Squamous epithelial cells of the esophageal lining are replaced by glandular cells similar to those lining the stomach
Which of the following cellular processes occurs during apoptosis
Cleavage of key cellular proteins
Free radical injury can be caused by all of the following factors except
tissue damage by antioxidants
Tissue ischemia and a decrease in mitochondrial oxygenation result in:
decreased ATP production
Other than the liver, which of the following organs is most commonly affected by ethanol injury?
Brain
Tattooing and stippling occur with which of the following types of injuries
gunshot injuries
Chronic infection of the cervix by the human papillomavirus results in cervical:
dysplasia
The most common cause of hypoxic injury is:
ischemia