Disease of blood with reactive changes (2)
Leukocytosis and Leucopenia
Suffix that denotes a decrease in the number of cells
penia
Suffix that denotes an increase in the number of cells
cytosis
Is an abnormal increase in number of circulating white blood cells (leucocytes, leukocytes)
Leukocytosis
Leukocytosis is a transient response to ________ and/or _______
inflammation, infection
Leukocytosis is commonly seen with ______infections
bacterial
Is the mirror image of leukocytosis and is an abnormal decrease in the number of circulating white blood cells (leucocytes, leukocytes)
Leucopenia
Leucopenia is seen in the following diseases (4)
tuberculosis, measles, mumps and influenza.
Is a decrease in the number of red blood cells; a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin; or a combination of both of these
Anemia
Causes of anemia
decrease RBC production, increase in RBC destruction, Loss of RBC's
Symptoms of anemia
Pallor in the mucous membrane, Fatigue and weakness, Dyspnea, Tachycardia
Pallor means
paleness
______ is the transport protein that carries oxygen to the tissues by blood
hemoglobin
Shortness of breath
Dyspnea
Increase heart rate
Tachycardia
Two types of anemia
Primary and secondary anemia
Anemia due to RBC or associated problem
Primary Anemia
Anemia as a result of another disease such as persistent bleeding, leukemia or cancer
Secondary Anemia
Hematopoietic/Hemopoietic Disorders (3)
Leukemia, Polycythemia Vera / Primary Polycythemia, Erythrocytosis
Normal formation and development of blood cells in the ___bone marrow is called ______
red, hematopoiesis
Hematopoietic disorders are those that arise as a result of ����______ ______ of blood stem cells
unregulated proliferation/growth
Is a group of malignant diseases characterized by replacement of bone marrow with proliferating white blood cells
leukemia
is actually a malignant tumor of the blood forming tissues
leukemia
Leukemia is characterized by an uncontrolled over-production of ________ which prevents the immature blood cells or ______ from maturing into _______
WBC's, erythroblasts, erythrocytes
In leukemia there is a reduction in ________and a decrease in ________/_____
erythrocytosis, platelets/thrombocytes
Leukemia is considered to be "cancer of the _____" or "cancer" of ____ ___ ____
blood, WBC's
_______of leukemia is difficult to pinpoint
etiology
Can be classified as _____or _____ depending on the relative "maturity" of the leukemic cells
acute, chronic
More immature cells are seen in _____ leukemia and more fully developed cells are the hallmark of ____ leukemia
acute, chronic
Depending on the specific white cell line affected, the leukemia is classified as...
lymphocytic or myelogenous
Symptoms of Leukemia (8)
Swollen spleen, Fever, Weight loss, Fatigue, Joint pain, Tendency to hemorrhage, Anemia, Compromised immune system
Characterized by a marked increase in red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells and overall blood volume
Polycythemia Vera / Primary Polycythemia
Polycythemia Vera / Primary Polycythemia is Opposite in meaning to ______, and occurs most often in ____ _____
anemia, older adults
No cure to this disease and the treatment focuses on decreasing the number of blood cells
Polycythemia Vera / Primary Polycythemia
Literally means too many red blood cells
erythrocytosis
Erythrocytosis is not a disease but usually _____
part of some other problem
Erythrocytosis is an ______ in the number of circulating red blood cells (as a ______ ______: persons living at high altitudes, as well as in persons with emphysema, pulmonary insufficiency, and heart failure)
increase, defense mechanism
Erythrocytosis is a defense mechanism in persons with the following three conditions
emphysema, pulmonary insufficiency, and heart failure
Name three bleeding disorders
hemophilia, thrombocytopenia, purpura
A hereditary blood disease characterized by an inability to clot normally
hemophilia
Hemophilia generally affects only_____
males
Hemophilia when transmitted by females Is referred to as a ______ because the defective generally is transmitted on the __chromosome
sex linked inherited disorder, X
Prolonged severe bleeding even with minor trauma is a symptom of _____
hemophilia
Deficiency in the number of platelets or thrombocytes (chief function of platelets is coagulation)
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia brings about a tendency to ___
bruise
Thrombocytopenia is usually secondary to various types of _____ and certain _____, ______, _____exposure and ____sensitivity
leukemia, anemias, chicken pox, radiation, drug
Spontaneous hemorrhage in the skin or mucous membrane
purpura
The hemorrhagic spots occur in characteristic purplish patches in ____
purpura
Purpura are larger than____
petechiae
The most common cause of disability and death is_____
heart disease.
With our increased life-span the incidence of heart disease is _____ steadily
rising
Predisposing factors to heart disease
heredity, obesity, diabetes, elevated cholesterol, smoking, substance abuse such as cocaine, stress, diet
______ refers to an increase in the size of the heart or a heart chamber, due to a stretching of the muscle fibers
dilation
_______ refers to an increase in the size of the heart due to an increase in the size of the individual cardiac muscles fibers
hypertrophy
Name 13 diseases of the heart
cardiac dilation/dilatation, cardiac hypertrophy, endocarditis, valvular defects, pericarditis, myocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, coronary artery disease/ischemic heart disease, cardiac failure, myocardial infarction, hypertensive heart disease, cardi
An enlargement of the heart caused by stretching and thinning of the muscles tissues in the walls of the heart
cardiac dilation/dilitation
The heart chambers are filled with more blood than usual and do not empty fully in ____
cardiac dilation/dilitation
Cardiac dilation is associated with______ and _____
acute pulmonary embolism and heart failure.
An increase in the size of the heart due to increased demands placed on it
cardiac hypertrophy
Cardiac Hypertrophy does not affect both sides _____; because of their thin walls, the ____do not hypertrophy to the extent of the ____
equally, atria, ventricles
There is a limit to the hypertrophy that the heart may undergo, and when the limit is passed, the result is _____
heart failure
One cause of cardiac hypertrophy may be obstruction of the blood through _______
peripheral blood vessels
One cause of cardiac hypertrophy may be a _____ _____ involving the blood vessels and valves of the heart
diseased conditions
One cause of cardiac hypertrophy may be ______ or _____ changes in the heart muscles
inflammatory, degenerative
The common cause of cardiac hypertrophy is ______
hypertension or high blood pressure
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
Endocarditis
Inner lining of the heart
endocardium
Most prominent changes are seen in endocarditis on the ______coverings of the valves on the _____ side of the heart, most frequently the _____ valve
endocardial, left, mitral
Post-Mortem conditions associated with endocarditis are possible______
vascular obstructions
Name three valvular defects associated with the heart
valvular insufficiency/incompetence, valvular stenosis, valvular prolapse
Incomplete closure of the valve flap(s)
valvular insufficiency or incompetence
Narrowing of the valve openings
valvular stenosis
Is a protrusion of the valve cusps out of normal position during movement
valvular prolapse
It is often see with the ______/_____, where one or both of the leaflets protrudes back into the ___ ___ during closure
mitral valve/bicuspid, left atrium
Inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart
pericarditis
Pericarditis may be associated with____ (5)
trauma, neoplastic disease, infection, uremia, myocardial infection
Damage to the heart muscles and heart valves caused by episodes of rheumatic fever caused by Group A betahemolytic streptococcus
rheumatic heart disease
____ and ____ valves are most commonly affected with rheumatic heart disease
Mitral and aortic
In rheumatic heart disease bacteria causes an _____ reaction which in turn causes deformities in the ____ ____ and _____ _____
autoimmune, heart valves, chordae tendinae
We see less Rheumatic Heart disease today due to_____
antibiotics
In rheumatic heart disease, damage to the heart muscles and heart valves caused by episodes of rheumatic fever caused by Group __ ______ ______
A betahemolytic streptococcus
Generally, a pathologic change in the layers of the coronary arteries
Coronary Artery Disease
Commonly refers to blockages in the coronary arteries caused by a decrease blood supply to the heart tissue
coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease aka ______ and is caused by ______
Ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis
Fatty deposits (plaque) develops on the intimal (tunica intima) surface of the vessel causing the lumen to narrow, this is called _____
atherosclerosis
The fatty material that causes atherosclerosis is mainly ____
cholesterol
Abnormal mass of fatty deposits in the arterial wall
atheroma
Formation of blood clots on a blood vessel wall. Thrombi will form where blood flow is altered or decreased
Thrombosis
Sudden transient constriction of a blood vessel especially the coronary arteries. This will cause a decreased blood flow to the heart tissue
Spasm
Free floating particles that have obstructed the coronary arteries
Embolism
Heart is pumping inadequately to meet the body's demands
cardiac failure
Two types of cardiac failure
Acute cardiac failure and chronic heart failure
Chronic heart failure aka
congestive heart failure
Acute cardiac failure is due to a sudden change in the hearts _____ or _____ and develops ____
function, Myocarditis, rapidly
Chronic Heart Failure Develops ____ ____. Heart does not pump properly and the ____ and _____veins becomes congested leading to the accumulation of ______
over time, pulmonary and systemic, edema/fluid
Cardiac failure of the right side or return problem could be associated with the following signs (4)
ankle edema, distended neck veins, swollen liver and spleen, pleural effusion
Cardiac failure of the left side or Lung problems could be associated with the following signs (3)
shortness of breath, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion
Necrosis of the heart muscle due to decreased blood supply
Myocardial Infarction
Myocardial Infarction is often seen in the ____ _____. What we know as a ____ ___
left ventricle, heart attack
Heart has to work against increased peripheral resistance (increased blood pressure) and leads to enlargement (hypertrophy) of the left ventricle due to increased workload
Hypertensive Heart Disease
Hypertensive Heart Disease end result may be_____
heart failure .
Hypertensive Heart Disease also effects blood vessels in the kidneys leading to ____ failure
renal
Hypertensive Heart Disease may be associated with ______ ______ or ____
intracerebral hemorrhage or stroke.
Any disease that affects the structure and function of the heart
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy examples (2)
dilated or hypertrophic.
Inflammation of the heart (Endocarditis, Pericarditis, and Myocarditis)
Carditis
Name six diseases of blood vessels
Arteritis, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, aneurysm, phlebitis, varicose veins or varices
Inflammation of the arteries
arteritis
Is a degenerative process characterized by thickening, loss of elasticity and calcification of the arterial wall
arteriosclerosis
arteriosclerosis results in ______ blood supply
decrease
Often referred to as "hardening of the arteries
arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis leads to blood vessels become ____ and are susceptible to_____
brittle, rupturing
Causes of arteriosclerosis include (4)
age, diet, high blood pressure and cholesterol metabolism.
Is a form of arteriosclerosis that is extremely serious. Characterized by yellow plaque of cholesterol, lipid and cellular debris accumulating on the inner layers of large and medium sized arteries (this fatty substance is referred to as an Atheroma
atherosclerosis
Major cause of atherosclerosis (3)
myocardial infarct, angina pectoris (chest pain) and coronary artery disease.
Characterized by yellow plaque of cholesterol, lipid and cellular debris accumulating on the inner layers of ____ and ____ sized arteries (this fatty substance is referred to as an _____)
large, medium, atheroma
A localized dilation (sac-like dilation) of the wall of a blood vessel due to the combined effects of a weakened vessel wall and increased blood pressure (hypertension)
aneurysm
Aneurysm may also be due to (2)
trauma or congenital defect.
Aneurysm is often associated with_______, and is common in the ______ _____
atherosclerosis, abdominal aorta
Three types of aneurysm
Fusiform, Saccular, Dissecting
A symmetrical dilation with a weakness in the entire circumference of the vessel
Fusiform
An asymmetrical weakness; the weakness is only on one side
Saccular
A weakness that dissects through all three layers of the vessel
Dissecting
Inflammation of a vein. Often seen in the deep veins of the legs
Phlebitis
Only when the ______ _____ are affected by phlebitis is the condition is considered ����serious
deep veins
Greatest danger is thrombus formation then the condition is called______
thrombophlebitis.
Phlebitis is due to poor _____ and_____
circulation, obesity
Is a vein whose walls have become dilated and tortuous
varicose veins or varices
Condition in which the veins of the legs become painful, swollen and appear knotty under the skin
varicose veins or varices
Varicose veins or varices is caused by a ______of blood in the veins
stagnation
Varicose veins/varices can be seen with (3)
pregnancy, uterine tumors or standing.
Varicose Veins _____ and valves become_____
dilate, incompetent.
Most common sites of varices are the veins in the ______ and in the wall of the rectum known as______
legs, hemorrhoids
Diseases of the blood vessels are of great concern to us because they have direct impact on the ultimate success of embalming, they can cause (3)
(1) Intravascular resistance to the flow of embalming fluid, (2) Damage the vascular walls, narrow the lumen of the vessel and lead to easy rupture of fragile vessels. (3)Thrombosis and increased blood viscosity