Bilateral retroperitoneal organs that receive blood from renal arteries and drained by renal veins
Kidneys
Micturation
Urination
Drains urine from bladder
Urethra
Produces sperm
Testes
Encircles each teste
Epididymis
Major functional units of kidney contained here
Cortex
Containes specialized distal parts of tububles and collecting tubules
Medulla
Transports urine to the pelvis
Collecting tubules
Upper Urinary Tract refers to
Kidneys
Kidneys are essential for control of
Blood pressure
Excretion of waste products
Mainetence of acid-base balance
Filter blood
Regulate blood composition
Maintain red blood cell levels
How do kidneys perform all their functions
Regulating concentration of salt, water, and hydrogen ions and filtering blood
Basic functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
The three components of a nephron
Glomerulus
Tubules
Associated vessels
Layer of epithelial cells that cover capillaries
Podocytes
All supporting tissue between tubules and glomeruli
Interstitium
Passage of substances from capillaries to tubules
Secretion
Passage of substances from tubules to capillaries
Resorption
Hormone that reduces plasma volume or increases plasma oncotic pressure
Antidiuretic hormone
Collection of cells that secrete renin
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Result in an increase in blood pressure or blood volume
Renin
Stimulates vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure
Angiotensin
Increases resorption of sodium and water, expands blood volume
Aldosterone
The 2nd most common infection in the human body
UTI
UTI's are caused by bacteria entering through the
Urethra
Pyelonephritis
Infection of the kidneys
Dysuria
Painful
Nocturia
Nightime urination
Oligouria
Decreased urine output
Anuria
Absence of urine production
Urinalysis
Inspection of urine
6 characteristics of normal urine
Bile pigments
Protein absent
Glucose absent
Ketones absent
Odorless
ph 6.0
Prostate enlargment that causes obstruction of the outflow of urine from bladder
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
Stone lodged in renal pelvis, ureters, bladder or urethra that obstruct flow of urine
Kidney stones
Another term for kidney stones is
Calculi
What are kidney stones composed of
Calcium and uric acid
Method of destroying stones by high external shock waves
Lithiotripsy
Irreversible loss of function in the kidneys
End stage renal disease
What causes end stage renal disease
Hypertension and diabetes mellitus
Treatment options for end stage renal disease
Kidney transplant or hemodialysis
What is the 2nd most common death in men
Prostate cancer
Insertion of tubes fitted with lenses and lights through urethra
Cytoscopy
Urinary casts are composed of
RBC
WBC
Tubular cells
Protein or fat
Risk factors of kidney stones
Dehydration
Gout
The part of the kidney in which blood is filtered
Nephron
A 6 year old girl is seen by her pediatrician because her parents notice edema of her ankles. Laboratory testing reveals proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, and hyperlipidemia. She most likely has
Nephrotic syndrome
Most diseases of the glomeruli are caused by
Immune mediated injury
Gleason score is an important prognostic factor in prostate adenocarcinoma. Gleason score
characterizes how aggressive the tumor looks under the microscope
Cryptorchidism should be surgically treated because undescended testicles
have a high risk for developing testicular cancer
Small kidneys with receded size but normal architecture
Renal Hypolasia
When kidneys become fused at their lower poles
Horseshoe kidney
Malformed renal tissue results in
Renal Dysplasia
Less waste is removed when kidneys fail. True or false.
TRUE
Where does waste remain when kidneys fail?
Blood
BUN stands for
Blood urea nitrogen
Renal failure that is sudden and rapidly progressive within hours.
Acute renal failure
Renal failure that is slowly progressing to end stage renal failure over months to years
Chronic renal failure
Retention of nitrogenous waste in the blood is called
Azotemia
Uremia means
Urine in the blood
Decreased blood supply from shock dehydration or vasoconstriction
Prerenal failure
Urine flow is blocked by stones tumors or enlarged prostate
Postrenal failure
Kidney tubule function is decreased by toxins
Intrinsic renal failure
The irreversible loss of renal function that affects nearly all organ systems
Chronic renal disease
Causes of chronic renal disease
Hypertension and diabetes
Treatment for CRF
Dialysis or kidney transplant
Urothelial carcinoma is
Bladder cancer
The most common risk factor for bladder cancer
Smoking
Renal Cell Carcinoma is
Cancer of the kidney in adults
Nephroblastoma is
Cancer of the kidney in children