The primary function of the nucleus is to?
regulate cell division and control genetic information
Which of the following organelles is (are) responsible for processing and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles for transportation to intracellular or extracellular destinations?
golgi apparatus
Which of the following cellular structures is (are) involved in cellular communication and cell-to-cell interactions?
Plasma membrane
Cell surface markers are composed of?
glycoproteins
Plasma membrane receptors are available to bind to?
Ligands
In the cell cycle, RNA and protein synthesis takes place during the?
G2 phase
Cytokines are?
Growth factors
Autocrinesis signifies
a cell signals self
Pass from inside the cell inside another
Gap junctions
Mutation
All of the above
What is correct about mutation
mutations are alteration of DNA sequence
Malignant tumors have a tendency to?
All of the above
grow rapid, metastasize to distant tissues and invade surrounding tissues
Sarcomas are cancers that arise from?
connective tissues
Cancer-causing mutations to protooncogenes result in?
increased cell division
Mechanisms that cause cancer pain include all of the following except
Cancer cells residing in lymph nodes
The process of triggering new blood vessel formation in a tumor is called?
angiogenesis
Which of the following is not a typical characteristic of cancer cells?
Decreased responsiveness to growth signals
Determining the size of the tumor, the degree of node involvement, and the extent of distant metastasis is called?
Staging
Which of the following cancers always arises from an initial mutation in the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow?
Leukemia
Cancer-causing mutations of a protooncogene result in
increased cell division
Immortality in cancer cells is obtained through the production of?
Telomerase
The normal function of tumor suppressor genes in an individual without cancer is to?
control production of anti-growth signals
Which of the following mutational routes is necessary to cause cancer with a tumor suppressor gene mutation?
Deletion of both copies of a tumor suppressor gene
Normally the tumor suppressor gene p53 induces?
apoptosis
One way that a tumor suppressor gene can become inactivated in the absence of mutation or deletion is through gene
silencing
Which of the following genetic events is capable of activating oncogenes?
Amplification
Viruses are associated with all of the following cancers except?
lung cancer
Chronic active hepatitis B infection is a risk factor for developing which of the following types of cancer?
Liver
Individual response to pain depends on which of the following factors?
All of the above
cultural, Psychologic,Physiologic
Pharmacologic therapies for pain management include all of the following except?
beta receptor blockers
Which of the following statements about cancer pain is false?
Most patients with cancer experience pain early int the disease processes
Apart from diminished physical energy cancer-related fatigue can manifest in which of the following ways?
All of the above
Which of the following cell populations do chemotherapeutic agents primarily target?
All rapidly dividing cells
Which of the following modes of treatment is not used to eradicate cancer?
Blood transfusions
Oral ulcers caused by chemotherapy or radiation therapy is a condition known as?
stomatitis
Hair loss from chemotherapy treatment is condition known as?
Alopecia
Neuromuscular dysfunction and the release of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 are thought to be responsible for which of the following manifestations of caners?
Fatigue
Which of the following alterations in metabolism is often present in people with cancer?
Increased basic metabolic rate
Anemia in individuals with cancer can be the result of all of the following except?
Fatigue
Which of the following is an effective treatment for cancer-related or chemotherapy-related anemia
Erythropoietin
Leukopenia from cancer or chemotherapy treatment increases an individual's risk for
Infection
The wasting syndrome associated with cancer and cancer treatment is called?
cachexia
Radon exposure increases an individual's risk for which of the following cancers?
Lung
Which of the following viruses has been implicated in the development of cervical cancer?
Human papilloma virus
Helicobacter pylori infection is a bacterial cause of
gastric cancer
In males increased androgens are associated development of?
Prostate cancer
Epigentic factors play a role in?
Gene expression
True statements regarding tobacco smoke and cancer
causes cancer in multiple organs as the carcinogen circulate in bloodstream
Regular physical activity decreased risk cancer by means of following except
decreased appetite stimulating hormone
Mesothelioma is associated
asbestos
All the following dietary factors are know to be carcinogenns except
sulphronine in cruciferous vegtables
Which of following.....is true regarding exposure of electromagnetic radiation
EMR has been ID possible carcinogen
The concept of development plasticity?
body is susceptible to environmental influences in utero and early life
Inflammatory cytokines such as those found in UV light exposure......?
Inflammatory cytokines increased risk skin and cancer
Tobacco smoking accounts for?
30% deaths
Mutations BRCA 1 AND BRAC2
Increased risks breast and ovary cancer
Silica exposure
Lung
What role estrogen play in.......breast and endometrial cancer
promotes growth in estrogen dependent organs