physiology
the study of biological function
(whole orgnanism function, organ function, cellular function, meloceular function)
pathophysiology
study of physiologic responses to disease
disease
structural or functional change in the body that is harmful
homeostasis
dynamic mechanism to detect changes in physiological variation from the set point
set-point
normal value at which a variable is controlled
homeopathy
medical practices based on the idea that dIsease can be treated by small amount of natural substances that in large amounts would produce symPtoms of ailments (ex. red onions and allergies)
allopathy
disease(s) originate from "derangement" in organs, tissues, cells, molecules, protein & genes
osteopathy
alternative to allopathic medicine but still trained and entitled to the full scope of medical practice
osteopathic treatment
manual adjustments to relive muscular and skeletal conditions
symptoms
evidence of disease perceived by the patient (example: patient states he is nauseous)
signs
physical observations made by a medical professional during a physical examination (example: abdomen is tender)
laboratory findings
observations made by application of tests (imaging, blood tests) (example: patient's plasma potassium levels were below normal)
diagnosis
process of integrating symptoms, signs and laboratory findings to identify cause of disease (ex. name a given disease)
genetic disease
caused by abnormalities in the genetic makeup of individuals (ex. cystic fibrosis)
developmental disease
originates during embryonic/fetal development (ex: cleft pallet)
degenerative disease
caused by forces or agents that destroy cells, intercellular components, deposit substances where they shouldn't be or cause inflammation (ex. Alzheimer's disease)
external agents
anything from the environment that causes cellular injury
(ex. physical injury, chemical injury, microbial infection)
internal agents
anything that originates from inside the body
(ex. vascular injury - leading to insufficiency, immunological reactions - metabolic disturbances)
inflammation
local response of tissues to injury
purpose is to:
1. localize injury
2. destroy the invader
3. remove the damaged material
repair
replace damaged tissues with new ones (either identical tissues to those lost or new fibrous connective tissue (scars))
hyperplasia
increase in a cell population due to an external stimulus
non-pathological
-increase in breast size in response to increase in hormones following puberty
-increase in liver cells (hepatocytes) following partial hepatectomy
pathological
increase in cell population and tissue size in response
-skin warts sue to papilloma virus
exogenous
agents acting from the outside cause disease
(physical, chemical, microbial)
endogenous
agents acting from inside cause disease
(vascular, immunologic, metabolic)
idiopathic
a disease that can not be classified (ex. Lupus)
morbidity
the condition of being of ill health or disabled, frequency of diseases individuals
-morbidity rate: incidence of disease in the populations (incidence of disability)
mortality
the condition of being dead
-mortality rate: death rate across the population
prognosis
prediction for outcome of a disease (often based on survival rate)
survival rate
percentage of people with a particular condition who live for a given period of time after diagnosis
common risk factors for heart disease
atherosclerosis, hypertension, smoking & obesity
direct cost
amount of money spent on treatment/management of disease/condition
indirect cost
money lost by an ill person not performing their job
acute illness
lasts a few days or weeks (ex. broken rib)
chronic illness
lasts a long time and may/may not be cured (ex. diabetes, Alzheimer's, congestive heart failure)
incidence
-number of newly diagnosed patients in a given time period
-most useful for impact of chronic illness
prevalence
-number of people with a disease at one time
-most useful for impact of acute illness
age dependent disease
occurs in all individuals over time (ex: atrophy of the reproductive organs, arthritis)
age related disease
not part of the aging process but become more prevalent with age (ex. Alzheimer's disease)
blue zones
regions of the world where people live much longer than average
(characteristics: strong social ties, semi-vegetarianism, constant moderate physical exercise, sense of life purpose)
disease
disorder of the