catabolism
3 phases:
1 Digestion (break down ol larger molecules to smaller, proces occurs outside of cell activated by enzymes)
2 Glycolysis and oxidation. Glycolysis produces 2 molecules of ATP through oxidation (transfer of a pair of electrons)
3 Citric acid cycl
1 molecule of gluceose metabolizes...
in presence of oxygen into carbon dioxide in water it releases 686 kcal
Formation of ATP without 02
If 02 is not available, will occur with anaerobic glycolysis. breaking down of carbohydrate which occurs in cytoplasm of cell, this provides energy for cells that lack mitochondra.
- conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid with the simultaneous production o
Electrolytes
Na+ is predominant extracellular cation, K+ is predominant intracellular cation. electrons are polar.
Diffusion rates
the more soluble in oil and more hydrophobic or nonpolar = more rapidly it will diffuse across the bilayer ex: 02 c02, hormones
water soluble substances such as lucose and inorganic ions diffuse very slowly
water diffuses rapidly because water molecules a
measurement of electrolytes
meq/L or milligrams per deciliter.
milliequivalent =
chemical combining activity of an ion which depends on the electrical charge or valence of its ions
valence is indicated by the nuber of plus or minus signs
Normal osmolarity of body fluids
280-294
Osmotic pressure
amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water
effective osmolality
sustained osmotic activity and depends on concentration of solutes remaining on one side of a permeable membrane
osmolality vs osmolarity
osmolality: measures the number of milliosmoles per kg of water or the concentration of molecules per weight of water
osmolarity: measure the number of milliosmoles per liter of solution or the concentration of molecules per volume of solution