Glycolipids
carbohydrate bound to lipid, help make up lipid bilayer in plasma membrane
Transmembrane proteins
proteins that pass through the membrane
Integral proteins
specific type of transmembrane protein that becomes part of the membrane
Channel proteins
allow for the transport of ions across the plasma membrane
Cytoskeleton
Composed of tubule and filament structures that contribute to cell shape, movement, and intracellular transport
Membrane potential
charge inside a cell membrane in relation the surrounding extracellular fluid
Primary active transport
requires the direct use of energy in the form of ATP
Secondary active transport
depends on energy derived from the active transport of the primary substance
Cotransport
transported in the same direction
Endocytosis
used to transport large substances into cells
Pinocytosis
the ATP-requiring process of ingesting small vesicles
Phagocytosis
the process of ingesting large particles
Cellular respiration
a series of metabolic processes that transforms fuel molecules into energy and waste products
Glycolysis
process of breaking down glucose in the cytosol of the cell
Feedback mechanisms
regulate gene activation to tightly control the production of proteins and to prevent cell damage caused by overproduction or underproduction
Ligand
signaling molecules
Signal transduction pathway
when a ligand binds to a receptor, the target cell begins the process of communication
Paracrine signaling
ligand-receptor binding that results in signal transduction with a local effect
Proliferation
increase in cell number
Differentiation
changes in physical and functional properties of cells, directs the cell to develop into specific cell types
Endoplasmic Reticulum
produces proteins and fats
Endoplasmic Reticulum
regulates ions within the cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
synthesizes proteins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
produces lysosomal enzymes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
synthesizes lipids, lipoproteins, and steroid hormones
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
regulates intracellular calcium
Golgi Apparatus
prepares substances produced by the endoplasmic reticulum for secretion out of the cell
Lysosome
digests cellular debris with hydrolytic enzymes
Peroxisomes
contains oxidase that neutralizes oxygen free radicals
Oxygen free radicals
atoms carrying an unpaired electron and no charge
Peroxisomes
neutralize harmful substances
Proteosomes
recognize abnormally folded or formed proteins
Proteolysis
breakdown of proteins used by proteosomes
Mitochondria
contain cytochrome enzymes
Mitochondria
contain enzymes needed for the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation