Anatomy 's physiology
Structure determines function
Pathophysiology
Disease mess up structure or function
Movement
Special and smooth muscle cells cardiac muscle
Conductivity
Nerve and muscle cell
Metabolic absorption
Epithelial cells of the gi and urinary texts
Secretion
Cells of endocrine glands mucous glands and reproductive organs
Excretion
Release of Waste products
Cell hoarding
Cell tightens
Respiration
Cell absorbs oxygen to transform nutrients (glucose) into atp(energy)
Reproduction
Tissue growth to enlarge or just for tissue maintenance
Communication
Communication local or distant between cells to maintain homeostasis
3 principal parts of cell
Nucleus cytoplasm plasma membrane
Nucleus
Control center of Cell DNA Instruction manual genes 46 chromosomes
Chromatin
Uncoiled dna(reproduction)
Cytoplasm
All of the cellular contents between the plans membrane and nucleus. Organelles (cytoskeleton ribosomes golgi ect). Cytosol aqueous solution making up about half of of a cells volume
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis. Can be free or attached to the er or in the mitochondria. Constructed of2 subunits created in the nucleolus and assembled in the cytosol.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER studded with ribosomes and connected to nuclear membrane and extends through cell
Smooth er does not synthesize proteins but does phospholipid fats and steroids
Golgi complex
Proteins at ribosomes attached to er and transported to golgi. In golgi proteins are modified and packages for excretion and transpiration
Lysosomes
Dissolving bodies formed in golgi complex and have40 digestive enzymes. Recycle
Perioxisome
Like liaisons destroy material for cell can related themselves break down fatty avoid create free radical
Free radical
Unpaid reflection=cellular damage
Mitochondria
Known as powerhouse of cell generate atp
Vaults
Ribonucleoproteins trucks
Cytosol
Is the solvent and shoes that make up cytoplasm is the cytosol plus organelles
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments -actin
Intermediate filaments-keratin vimentin neuro filament protein
Microtubles-tubulin microtubule associated proteins
Axonal transport
Transport substances over long distance
Intracellular
2/3 of water
Extracellular
1/3 of water
Plans membrane
Seperated cells internet from external
Life birthday is basic frame
Made of phospholipid cholesterol and glycolipids
Lipid bilayer is amphipathic
Peripheral proteins
Do not cross lipid bilayer
Trans membrane proteins
Can cross lipid bilayer
Functions of plasma membrane
Facilitate recognition of cellprovide receptors and enzymesregulate entry and exit of substance provides anchor for cytoskeleton
Receptors
Cellular recognition cites ligands hormones antigen neurotransmitters drugs infectious agents
Extracellular matrix
Hold things together.
Cell juctions
Desmosomes spot weld
Hemidesmosomes-1/2 desmosome connect to basal membrane
Tight junctions-water proof
Gap junctions-tunnels for communications between cell
Gap junctions
If one cell get sick or does calcium increases and gap seals like a Hatch
Cell communication
Autocrine cells signal themselves
Paracrine cells signal neighbor
Hormonal and neurohormonal cells signal distant target
Signal transition
Ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors cause a change in ionic environment of neuron
Metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors cause a change in biochemical environment of neuron
Food and cell production
3 phases digestion glycolisis citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphoration
Anabolism
Build up
Canabolism
Break down
Passive transport/discussion
Can pass on own small neutral charge lipid soluable. High concentrate to low with gradient
Facilitated diffusion
Similar to diffusion but requires assistance of carrier molecule because it's too polar or to big
Active transport
Energy required from atp. "pumps" low concentrate to high against it's gradient
Secondary active transport
Symport 2 solute in same direction and antiport 2 Sookie opposite direction
Active transport
Endocytosis in
Exocytosis out
Resting potential
Resting not conducting impulse
Potential a difference in the electronic charge
Action potential
G
Potassium
If potassium would leak it would be to outside of cell making cell negative outside positive
Cell cycle
Interphsse Is longest cycle
Cytokines
Chemical signals cell growth. Chemical produced in one cell that stimulate a response in another cell
Pdgf ngf igf I and II erythropoietin
Mitosis
Actual division of cell
Pro phase metaphase anaphase telophase interphase
Epithelial tissue
Forms coverings protecting body from outside world
Lumen of the gut tube is outside.very little inter cellular surface apical outside
Connective tissue
Holds structure if body. Need cells and matrix(fibers and background substance
Muscular tissue
Moves body parts
Nerve tissue
Sensation information probably and control of body parts neurons and glial cells