etiology
the study of the cause of disease (i.e. infections, heredity, alterations in immunity, malignancy, malnutrition, degeneration, or trauma)
idiopathic
cause of disease is unknown
iatrogenic
diseases that occur as a result of medical treatment
example of iatrogenic
antibiotic treatment that injures the kidney and results in renal failure is an example of:
nosocomial
diseases acquired as a consequence of being in a hospital
diagnosis
naming or identifying a disease through evaluation of signs, symptoms, laboratory tests or other tools.
prognosis
expected outcome of a disease
morbidity
disease rates within a group
mortality
number of deaths from a particular disease
exacerbation
period when symptoms become worse or more severe
complication
the onset of a disease in a person who is already coping with another disease
example of a complication
onset of CHF after a MI is
sequelae
potential unwanted outcomes of having a disease (parylisis after stroke)
convalescence
period of recovery
clinical manifestations
signs & symptoms/evidence of disease
redness & swelling
local clinical manifestations (found at site of problem)
fever
systemic clinical manifestations (general indicators of illness)
signs
objective indicators of disease; observed or measured by another person
pulse rate, body temperature, blood pressure, WBC count, etc.
these are considered to be signs of disease
symptoms
subjective experiences reported by the person with disease
pain, nausea, shortness of breath, etc.
these are considered to be symptoms of disease
subclinical
pathologic changes occur but no obvious manifestations are exhibited because of the great reserve capacity of some organs
example of subclinical
kidney damage progressing before seeing signs
prodromal period
time person experiences vague symptoms (fatigue or loss of appetite) but before onset of signs & symptoms
insidious symptoms
vague/nonspecific feelings/an awareness that there is a change in the body
latent/"silent" period
time during which no symptoms are apparent but disease is present
an example of latent/"silent" period
incubation of infection or growth of a tumor
syndrome
group of symptoms that occur together in response to a certain condition
example of syndrome
SARS Severe accute respiratory syndrome = headache, fever, body aches, and difficulty breathing
disorder
an abnormality of function
epidemiology
study of tracking patterns or disease occurrence and transmission among populations and by geographic areas
incidence
number of new cases occurring in a specific period
prevalence
the number of existing cases within a population during a specific period
epidemics
when there are many cases of an infectious disease within a given area
pandemics
high numbers of cases in several regions/worldwide
communicable
diseases or infections that can be spread from one person to another
notifiable/reportable
diseases that must be reports by the physician to designated authorities
examples of notifiable diseases
measles, human immunodeficiency virus
prevention
vaccinations, dietary or lifestyle modifications, removal of harmful material in the environment, and cessation of potentially harmful material (smoking cessation)
risk factors/predisposing factors
increased porbability that disease will occur
examples of risk/predisposing factors
hereditary, age, gender, race, environment, lifestyle
precipitating factor
a condition or event that does cause a pahtologic event or disorder
example of a precipitating factor
when exposure to an allergen causes asthma
therapy
treatment measures such as surgery, drugs, etc.
glucose
simple sugar, major source of energy in the human body
glycogen
polysaccharide, mahor carb, formed from glucose, stored in the liver & some muscle cells
glycogenolysis
the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
gluconeogenesis
formation of glycogen from fatty acids and proteins rather than carbohydrates
lipolysis
breakdown of lipids/fats
pathology
study of structural alterations in cells, tissues, and organs that help to identify the cause of disease
pathogenesis
pattern of tissue changes associated with the development of disease
pathophysiology
the physiology of abnormal or diseased organisms or their part; the study of the functional changes associated with a disease or syndrome
disease
a condition of abnormal vital function involving any structure, part, or system of an organism
specific illness or disorder characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms, attributable to hereditary, infection, or environment
disease
homeostasis cannot be maintained (BP, body temp., fluid balance, etc.)
disease is a deviation from the normal state of health or from a state of wellness. Significant changes in the body means that
health/wellness
WHO defines this as physical, emotional, and social well-being. Variability in genetic make-up, life experiences, and environmental factors also play a roll.
stress response
made by the body to any stressor
stressor
any factor, physical or psychological) tht creates significant change in the body
brain, heart, cell metabolism, lungs
increased function of these critical areas of the body in response to stress.
inflammation & necrosis
prolonged vasoconstriction leads to:
aphthous ulcer
caker sore/aphthous stomatitis
pain
cinches the diagnosis of aphthous stomatitis when there is a yellowish lesion (ulcer) with a red ring (inflammation).
sepsis
the body's response to a bacterial infection usually causes it. Your immune system goes into overdrive, overwhelming normal processes in your blood. The result is that small blood clots form, blocking blood flow to vital organs
necrotizing soft tissue infection
________________ causes sepsis
fatty, fibrosis, cirrhosis
stages of liver damage: ____ liver > liver _____ > _____.
physiology
the study of the normal function of cells, tissues, and organs in the human body
homeostasis
maintenance of a constant internal environment
hallmark of cancer
uncontrolled cell proliferation
nuclear and cytoplasmic division
mitosis
genes that regulate their cells
tumor cells have typically acquired damage to _____.