He has SIADH and an excess of ADH
A 41 yr old man has been a smoker since he was 14 years old. He is experiencing muscle weakness and headaches. He has also been recently diagnosed with lung cancer. His serum osmolality is decreased. Which of the following may be true?
a. He has SIADH and
hypertrophy
A 51 yr old male has a BP of 150/95mmHg (normal <120/80mmHg). If this remains untreated for years, which cellular alteration will be seen in the heart?
microlytic hypochromic blood morphology
Amy has recently become diagnosed with Crohn's disease with associated upper gastrointestinal (GI) ulcers. She is pale, lethargic, and has cold hands. Which of the following would most likely be found on lab evaluation?
a. RBC: Low MCV: High MCH: Low
b. M
myocardial infarction
A 50 yr old man has sudden onset of chest pain one afternoon. The pain persists for the next three hours. He then becomes short of breath and diaphoretic. He goes to the emergency department that evening. On physical examination his vital signs include T
pallor, fatigue and tachycardia
Lab results for a 19 yr old female show decreased RBC, Hb, Hct, ferritin, serum Fe, and increased total iron binding capacity (TIBC). Which of the following clinical manifestations is associated with the correct diagnosis?
a. Jaundice and hyperbilirubinem
he has diabetes insipidus and a deficiency of ADH
A 41 yr old man has been drinking large quantities of water--up to 20 liters per day--for the past week. On physical examination he has diminished skin turgor (a sign of moderate to severe dehydration) and dry mucous membranes. His serum osmolality is ele
hyponatremia
At mile 18 of a marathon an athlete began to experience muscle cramps and nausea. Thinking she was dehydrated she increased her water intake. She became disoriented and fell to the ground, unconscious. Which of the following electrolyte imbalances is most
ECF osmotic balance
sodium is responsible for?
myocardial infarction
Irreversible myocyte necrosis due to prolonged myocardial ischemia results in
somatic pain
A 15 year old boy falls down while playing basketball and scrapes his knee. He complains of sharp and well-localized pain. Which of the following would describe his pain?
(options are chronic, somatic, visercal, or referred)
hashimoto's thyroiditis
A 52 year old woman has been experiencing fatigue and difficulty concentrating for the past three months. She has stopped exercising after work because she is too tired. She sleeps most of the day on weekends. She complains that she is cold all of the tim
decreased T3/T4 and increased TSH
A patient's blood sample presents with Thyroid antibodies, which of the following laboratory findings is most likely to be present?
Ascites
Which of the following types of edema would you expect to see in a patient with chronic alcoholic cirrhosis?
respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation
A 56 year old female presents to her physician complaining of dizziness, confusion, tingling in the extremities. Blood tests reveal an elevated pH, decreased PCO2 and slightly decreased HCO3-. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
a. Respir
cor pulmanole causing right sided heart fialure
A 61 yr old man has increasing lower leg swelling with grade 2+ pitting edema to the knees. On palpation his abdomen is distended with grade 2 Ascites. He has prominent jugular venous distention to the level of the mandible. He has a 40 yr history of ciga
splenomegaly
A 19 yr old female presents to the Emergency Department with severe, sudden onset of abdominal pain in the lower right quadrant. You would consider all of the following as possible diagnoses except
a. Ovarian cyst
b.Splenomegaly
c. Appendicitis
d. Nephrol
RBC: low, MCV: high, MCH: Normal
17. Amy has been a vegetarian for the past 6 months. Even though she is taking a daily iron pill, she is still pale, lethargic, and has cold hands along with some parasthesia of the distal extremities. Which of the following would most likely be found on
sciatica
. Kathie is a 62 year old woman who presents with low back pain with radiating pain to the knee. She describes the pain as a 'red hot poker' in her buttocks region that shoots like a lightning bolt to her right knee. The pain is increased with forward ben
auto-digestion of the pancreas
Dan presents with abdominal pain associated with nausea and vomiting. The pain has gradually increased and now is referring to his back. Blood test reveals an increase in C-Reactive protein, Amylase & Lipase along with hyperglycemia. What would explain th
osteoarthritis
This disease is also known as the 'wear and tear' disease?
elevated ST segment
Transmural Myocardial Infarction EKG
CBC
Matt comes into your office and has been experiencing abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant. Rebound test was positive. To confirm the diagnosis, what two tests would be the best to perform?
a and b
Macrocytic anemia is associated with which of the following?
a. Pernicious anemia
b. Vitamin B12 deficiency
c. Fe deficiency
d. Both a and b
e. None of the above
Hyperventilation plus increased excretion of acid and conservation of HCO3- by kidneys
You are a member of the GCU astronaut program. As part of your training, you and your crew will go to Lopeland, a planet characterized by high concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere. You will expect to develop severe acidemia due to hypercapnea. Since yo
gastrointestinal bleeding
A 63 year-old man presents with pallor, fatigue and dyspnea on exertion. Complete blood count reveals: Low MCV and low MHC, WBC normal. The most likely cause of these findings:
Dysplasia
An irreversible abnormal cellular adaptation characteristic in uterine cervical epithelium is:
respiratory alkalosis
Clark is a retired 42 year-old male living alone. He is admitted to the ER complaining of shortness of breath and tingling in his fingers. His breathing is shallow and rapid. He denies diabetes; blood sugar is normal. There are no EKG changes. He has no s
respiratory acidosis due to increased H+ in your blood.
After acing your Pathopysiology class you decide to head to Jamaica for some rest and relaxation. While snorkling, you see a shell about 15 feet under water that you absolutely must have for your collection. After a short time spent trying to dig it out f
The respiratory system decreases the PaCO2 by hyperventilating.
How does the body compensate for metabolic acidosis?
Decreased serum osmolarity and increased urine osmolarity
What is a characteristic of SIADH?
Increased bilirubin due to hepatitis A.
A 52-year-old male presents to your clinic with yellow skin and yellow cornea of the eyes. He has a history of IV drug use and has been living in a homeless shelter for the past eight months. You run lab tests and discover his AST and ALT are elevated. Wh
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Gerald is a 33 year old male complaining of being tired all of the time for the past 6 months. During your physical exam and workup, you find that his abdomen is tender and his sclera is slightly yellow. AST and ALT are elevated. Labs are negative for Hep
Compressive
33. Which of the following is NOT a common type of Cardiomyopathy?
A. Dilated
B. Restrictive
C. Compressive
D. Hypertrophic
Jimmy Jack is going to go through a spell of being a bit sluggish and may gain weight. ( he has sub-acute dequervain's thyroiditis).
A good friend of yours, Jimmy Jack, seems very nimble and quick lately in everything that he does. You're happy for him since, just a few weeks ago, he was really down with congestion, coughing, and a low-grade fever. When you mention his apparent increas
pat is a female
Pat is feeling very sluggish and presents to your office where you learn of a recent weight gain, and discover a decreased heart rate and the presence of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. You are the Nurse Practitioner and, you hate to admit it, but you can'
iron deficiency anemia
Ann is a healthy 26-year-old white female. Since the beginning of this current golf season, she has noted increased shortness of breath and low levels of energy and enthusiasm. These seem worse during her menses. Today, while playing poorly in a golf tour
Since there are less red blood cells in her body due to anemia, her heart has to work harder and pump faster to deliver those cells, and oxygen, to her tissues. Also, the increase in heart rate itself leads to an increase in work load and oxygen demand wh
Explain the pathophysiology of the elevated heart rate. Include at least 3 separate reasons why the heart needs to pump faster.
The high K levels are due to 1. Membrane destruction so K can leak out into the ECF, 2. increased acid into the cell and expulsion of K in exchange.
Sallie is a 15 year old female that is brought to the emergency room by her frightened gym teacher. Sallie was playing soccer outside and had a syncopal episode. Sallie is now conscious but is breathing very fast, complains of being very thirsty and feeli
C. II and III
A new drug, Peluca �, was developed to treat hair loss. Tom was able to find it over the counter and he decided to take it orally. Months later, he shows signs of fatigue, pallor and some paresthesias. Peluca � needs to attach with Intrinsic Factor to be
chronic alcoholism could be a cause
Richard, 57, y/o, male, has dyspnea on exertion, dizziness, edema, arrhythmias, and palpitations. After reviewing his history, health assessment and complementary laboratory exams, the final diagnosis was Cardiomyopathy. Which is correct?
A. Richard is hy
without iodine people will develop hypothyroidism
Why in many countries, including the USA, is Salt supplemented with Iodine?
...
2. Tall, peaked T waves are characteristic of which electrolyte imbalance.
...
Select all of the following that are characteristic of type I diabetes mellitus
ketoacidosis
B. decreases urine production
C. increased blood glucose concentration
D. increased insulin production
...
Select all of the following that are characteristic of central diabetes insipidus
A. increased vasopressin secretion
B. decreased sensitivity of collecting duct cells to vasopressin
C. increased plasma osmolarity
D. decreased extracellular fluid volume
...
10. Which are true of a deficiency of intrinsic factor (select ALL that are correct)
A. pernicious anemia
B. aplastic anemia
C. low mean cell volume
D. gastric atrophy
E. lower than normal MCHC
...
Which of the following matches the following description:
occurs in the heart, kidneys, and adrenal glands; results from ischemia and subsequent hypoxia; results in protein denaturation
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Coagulative necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
...
Your 35 year old patient, Sallie, has an adrenal adenoma and excess secretion of aldosterone. EXPLAIN the following in this patient:
Her electrolyte imbalance:
Her acid-base imbalance:
Her extracellular fluid volume:
Her edema:
Her hematocrit:
Her hyperte
...
Robert, 65 y/o, had a strong chest pain two hours ago; and frequent cough. He is a heavy smoker, for which he developed COPD. He came to your clinic, so you gave him orders for an EKG and Blood test.
a. Why are you asking for that? (Which is your main dia
...
Mary, 20 y/o, awoke with abdominal discomfort. Later, she referred pain in RLQ. Also, she had nausea and vomited and her urine looks red. You asked for CT scan, CBC and UA.
a. Mention at least three diseases which can explain this pain.
b. UA only showed
...
Uric acid:
a. Mention two diseases in which uric acid is elevated.
b. Is Uric acid related with metabolism of...?
...
Immobilized patients in bed have high risk to develop muscular atrophy and osteoporosis.
a. True or false.
...
Read carefully: Molly, 25y/o and healthy, is jogging on Central Ave when a car crashed into a tree in front of her. She is in "crisis", so her friend decided call 911. Fire rescue team arrived, and in this moment she is breathing very fast. Blood sample w
...
- Mary, 27 yo, female, came to ER with signs of hypotension. She had a bracelet with allergy peanuts inscription. 1- Which acid-disorder do you expect on her? 2- Will pH be high, normal or low? 3- What her kidney will try to do?
...
3 Which is the compensatory lung mechanism in acidosis metabolic? Why?
...
Pat, female, 35 yo, in post surgery, with NGT (high drainage). She is on bed, and you decided to ask for ABG; because you expect she will have alkalosis metabolic. 1- WHY?, 2- How do you expect her respiratory frequency? Why?
...
5- Patient with severe abdominal trauma, in which it was necessary perform a resection from jejunum to ileocecal valve. Which anemia do you expect he will develop later? Why?
epstein- barr virus
A 17 yr old male has had extreme malaise, a sore throat and stiffness and tenderness of his neck for the past 3 weeks. On physical examination it is noted he tender posterior cervical lymphadenopathy and pharyngeal inflammation. His temperature is 100.2F.
Osteomyelitis is an infection of the skin and bone, caused by staph, pseudomonas, metastasis, or DM. 1. A Blood test would show ?WBCs, ?CRP and 2. wound and 3. blood cultures if it's due to an infection. 4. An X-Ray, 5. CT, or 6. Bone scan should show les
Olga, a 27 y/o, female, had a root canal procedure many months ago. But in the last few days, she developed a fever and pain in the area where the procedure was performed. You think that she could develop Osteomyelitis. Please list at least three tests th
sweat test
A 9 month old girl presents with a persistent cough and wheezing. She continues to get frequent lung infections. Also, her parents complain that she is not gaining weight and that she continues to have loose oily stools. Which of the following is the best
pulmonary tuberculosis
Lung granulomas with caseous necrosis are characteristic of which of the following?
cor pulmonale
what is the result of untreated COPD?
metabolic alkalosis with high anion gap
Ingrid, a 35 y/o, female, with severe osteoarthritis, is taking big doses of aspirin (salicylates). To prevent mucosa gastric damage, she decided to ingest high doses of antacids. One day, she shows weakness, cramps, and confusion. You order ABG's that sh
multiple myeloma
A 61-year-old man has had dull, constant back pain for 3 months. A plain film radiograph of the spine reveals several 1 to 2 cm well-circumscribed, round 'punched-out' lesions of the vertebral bodies. These findings point to a diagnosis of
ruptured berry aneurysm
A previously healthy 42 y/o woman experiences 'the worst headache of my life' and loses consciousness within an hour. An emergent head CT scan reveals extensive acute subarachnoid hemorrhage at the base of the brain. She is afebrile. A lumbar puncture yie
damaged heart vavle
A 12-year old girl presented to the clinic with fever, nausea, and vomiting. She had swollen lymph nodes, a truncal rash, and migratory polyarthritis. A throat culture of the white spots on her tonsils found group A beta hemolytic streptococcus. What othe
Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
A 12 yr old male woke up with a severe sore throat while on a camping trip with his family. He may have had a fever. No cough was observed. The child insisted he was well enough to continue camping and by the time they returned from their trip all his sym
laproscopy
An obese 49 yr old male presents with persistent 'heartburn' causing chest pain, over the years and it is usually worse at night. He has been coughing with a sore throat and dysphagia. Which of the following would be the least beneficial for this patient'
missing specific clotting factor
Hemophilia is typically found in males and they have a difficult time clotting. What is the problem that causes the decreased clotting?
chronic bronchitis
A 60-year-old man has a 90 pack year history of smoking. For the past 5 years, he has had a cough productive of copious amounts of mucoid sputum for months at a time. He has had episodes of pneumonia with Streptococcus pneumoniae and E. coli cultured. His
splenic rupture is possible
High school athletes that contract active mononucleosis are typically restricted from participation in sports for a period of time until the infection clears. Why is this?
infective endocarditis
A 23 yr old female had rheumatic fever when she was younger. As a result she has a heart murmur. And now when she gets dental work done she takes antibiotics. What is she trying to prevent?
pneumonia
Amy, a 32 yr old female, was recently seen by her doctor due to her high fever, cough, malaise and breathlessness. Her doctor has bad bed-side manners and informs Amy that she has a disease that is the 6th leading cause of death in the U.S. Amy becomes ob
increased sweating creates hyponatremia and abdominal cramps
Fever helps the body respond to infectious processes through several mechanisms. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of fever?
syphilis
Neurological manifestations including paralysis, gradual blindness and dementia are characteristic of
honey in beverage
Which of the following home remedies involves a mild antibacterial effect?
A) Chloraseptic� throat spray
B) Honey in beverages
C) Chicken noodle soup
D) Humidifiers
emphysema
Which type of COPD is characterized by thin patients with minimal cough, hyperinflated lungs, and increased total lung capacity?
a pulmonary embolism resulting from venous stasis in a deep leg vein
A 70 yr old man is ambulating for the first time in 3 weeks after hospitalization for a cerebral infarction. Within minutes of returning to his room, he has sudden onset of dyspnea and cannot be resuscitated. Which of the following is the most likely expl
multiple myeloma
Which of the following may NOT caused by the Epstein-Barr virus?
HTMLDirect A) Mononucleoisis
HTMLDirect B) Hodgkin's Lymphoma
HTMLDirect C) Burkitt's Lymphoma
HTMLDirect D) Mulitple Myeloma
Barrett's esophagus
When chronic and progressive heartburn leads to a metaplastic change from the normal squamous esophageal epithelium to a specialized intestinal-type columnar mucosa and is considered a precursor lesion for esophageal adenocarcinoma it is known as
acute lymphocitic leukemia
A 6 year-old boy presents with pale skin color and lethargy. His parents state that he has been getting persisting nose bleeds and that he bruises easily. They also note that he has been getting sick more often and that he complains of bone pain constantl
toxic shock syndrome
The life threatening bacterial infection caused by interuterine devices is
hodgkins lymphoma
A 36 yr old man has experienced low grade fevers, night sweats, and generalized malaise for the past 2 months. On physical examination he has non-tender cervical and supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. A cervical lymph node biopsy is performed. On microscopi
Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, Mononucleosis
List 3 separate pathologies in which EBV has been associated
starry sky
The biopsy associated with this predominantly African lymphoma is commonly referred to as having a ________________ appearance.
caseous necrosis
A 38 y/o male presents to the emergency room with fever and a productive cough with copius sputum. Medical history reveals that he is a recent immigrant with significant weight loss, and chest x-ray shows small spots in the periphery of his right lung. Sp
40 years
Mr. and Mrs. Adams are concerned because their 6-month old boy, Neil, has not grown much since his birth and he has a constant cough with severe congestion, and he has had constant oily stools in his diaper. A sweat chloride test was in excess of 60 mEq/L
motor deficit
While interviewing a 66 y/o patient who is recovering from a stroke from the middle cerebral artery which affected his left side of his temporal and parietal lobe, you notice that he is frustrated because he wants to talk to you but he can only get out sm
it will most likely be a non-coherent as his verbal speech
Francisco, is desperately trying to tell you about his experience with his recent stroke but it seems that he is mixing up his English words so much that they make little sense and you're not even sure if he's understanding what you are asking. He is spea
anorexia
Lucy, a 23 year old graduate student complains of sharp left upper quadrant pain, acid reflux, and nausea. She runs track at her school and takes Ibuprofen 3 times a day for sore knees. Endoscopy of esophagus shows erythema and inflammation and the stomac
peptic ulcer
George, a 34 year old male, presents with melena and persisting epigastric pain. He is a smoker and a weekend binge drinker after his tackle football games with his buddies. He has a nagging low back pain that he manages with OTC anti-inflammatories befor
cheyne-stroke; near death
A 76 yr old male presents with periodic breathing that alternates between apnea and tachypnea. You classify this type of breathing as ___________ and the patient's condition is ___________.
a viral infection
A 54 yr old female presents with an acute onset of chest pain and dyspnea with a low grade fever. During heart auscultation a scratchy 'sand paper' type sound is heard. Anti-inflammatories were prescribed with some benefit. What is most likely the cause o
clotting factor depletion
In DIC, hemorrhaging occurs after intravascular clotting because
bronchial asthma
Chronic relapsing disorder characterized by spasm and hyperresponsiveness of the airways to various substances that trigger wheezing, shortness of breath and cough:
beta hemolytic streptococcus
Joe picks up his two year old son from day care every day after a long day at the office. Monday, his son seems cranky and will barely eat or drink anything so Joe shares his soup with him. By Wednesday, Joe noticed white patches on the back of his son's
pre-tibial myxedema
Which of the following is a sign of Graves disease?
A) Pre-tibial myxedema
B) Lymphedema
C) Non-pitting edema
D) Sacral edema
multiple sclerosis
Jeanna, a 32 y/o female comes into your office complaining of fatigue and weakness doing everyday tasks. You notice bruises on her legs and she says she has been falling a lot lately but blames it on clumsiness. While examining her leg, you notice it seem
bronchiectasis
Abnormal dilation of airways with severe cough and copious foul-smelling sputum:
tuberculosis
Caseous necrosis is associated with which of the following?
all of the above
A 34 y/o female has experienced increasing muscular weakness over several months including ptosis. She used to be an avid tennis player but becomes fatigued quickly when playing tennis, but more shocking is that she becomes fatigued when she warms up to p
recent history of painless chancre
Nathan is a freshman at the state university. Instead of studying for his classes he has spent most of his time partying. He presents to the doctor's office complaining of 'bumps' around his anus. On evaluation you note round, elevated anal warts with rou
anorectal manometry
Beckie has just given birth to her first baby. She begins to become worried when her son does not produce his meconium in the first 48 hours and is becoming colicky. The doctor becomes concerned and orders a CT. The CT shows distention of a portion of the
increased levels of glutamate
Bobby is 45 years old and he is noticing difficulty buttoning his shirt for work in the morning that has persisted for a week. His assistants at work have been complaining that they cannot read his hand-writing on work documents. Muscle testing shows a de
Diabetes insipidus:Increased serum osmolarity and decreased urine osmolarity _______, Diabetes mellitus:Increased serum osmolarity and increased urine osmolarity_______, SIADH:Decreased serum osmolarity and increased urine osmolarity_______
Decreased serum osmolarity and increased urine osmolarity_______
Increased serum osmolarity and increased urine osmolarity_______
Increased serum osmolarity and decreased urine osmolarity _______
word bank: diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and SIADH
hyponatremia; aldestrone
A patient with Addison disease is at risk of ______________ due to a deficiency of __________________?
hahimoto thyroiditis
A 49-year-old woman has had increasing cold intolerance, weight gain of 4 kg, and sluggishness over the past two years. A physical examination reveals dry, coarse skin and alopecia of the scalp. Her serum TSH is elevated (11.7 mU/L) with decreased thyroxi
) Acoustic neuroma is a benign tumor of CNVIII that comes from an overproduction of Schwann cells.
A 33 yo male has been complaining of ringing in his right ear along with unilateral diminished hearing in the same ear. After an ear exam, audiogram and contrast CT the patient is diagnosed with an acoustic neuroma. Which of the following is true?
A) The
hyperurcemia
Gouts is associated with which of the following?
Hyperuricemia
B) Hypercalcemia
C) Hypouricemia
D) Hypokalemia
ALL OF THEM!
Splenomegaly is associated with which of the following?
A) Sickle cell anemia
B) Infectious mononucleosis
C) All of the above
D) Polycythemia vera
rheumatic fever
An 11 year old male presents with fever up to 39 degrees (102 degrees F), joint pain and swelling, along with shortness of breath. The fever comes and goes at random times of the day. The symptoms have been present now for 4 days. Two days ago, his right
cor pulmonale causing right-sided heart failure
A 65 yr old man has lower leg swelling with pitting edema around the knees and abdomen. He also has prominent jugular venous distention. He has a 40 yr history of cigarette smoking and has been recently diagnosed with emphysema. Which of the following con
hyponatremia
At mile 18 of a marathon an athlete began to experience muscle cramps and nausea. Thinking she was dehydrated she increased her water intake. She became disoriented and fell to the ground, unconscious. Which of the following electrolyte imbalances is most
polycythemia vera
A 62 y/o male presents with a dark reddish skin color of his face and palms. He notes angina and some left flank pain. A blood sample was taken and it is shown below. The doctors diagnose the condition and try to ease the patient's worry by joking. The do
shingles
Reactivation of varicella-zoster virus results in
acute myelogenous leukemia
A 35 yo man has had fatigue, fever, and episodes of epistaxis for the past 3 months. Laboratory studies show Hgb 12.5 g/dL, Hct 37.6%, MCV 89 fL, platelet count 170,000/microliter, and WBC count 52,000/microliter. Examination of his peripheral blood smear
dopamine
A 50 y/o male presents to your office with a slight tremor and difficulty moving, especially starting and stopping. He walks with a shuffling gait and his posture is stooped. You notice that his face seems rigid. Specific lab tests show a lack of a neurot
systemic lupus erythematosus
A 37 y/o female presents with joint pain, stiffness and lower extremity edema which prevents her from wearing closed shoes and limits her mobility. She has a rash that covers her cheeks and bridge of the nose. On exam diffuse alopecia of the scalp is note
Down syndrome:Flat facial features, decreased IQ, Turner syndrome:Rudimentary ovaries, poor breast development, infertility, Klinefelter syndrome:Gynecomastia, osteoporosis, infertility, Achondroplasia:Normal size torso with short legs and arms, Sickle ce
Normal size torso with short legs and arms
Gynecomastia, osteoporosis, infertility
Tissue infarction causing painful vaso-occlusive crises
Flat facial features, decreased IQ
Rudimentary ovaries, poor breast development, infertility
A. Sickle cell anemia
B
? LH, ?Testosterone, ? Estrogen
Cynthia has been diagnosed with Polycystic Ovarian Disease. Among the following answer choices, which properly reflects the endocrine changes in Cynthia's blood serum?
low ADH
Which of the following is NOT a pathological finding associated with diabetes mellitus?
A) DKA
B) low ADH
C) Acanthosis Nigrica
D) glucosuria
non of the above
A right-sided smooth abdominal mass is palpated on a 3 y/o male with aniridia. Ultrasound reveals a large cystic lesion involving the right kidney. Which is the likely diagnosis?
A) Intussusception
B) None of the above
C) Hirschsprung disease
D) Meckel's
candidiasis
A 19 yr old female presents to the Emergency Department with severe, sudden onset of abdominal pain in the lower right quadrant. You would consider all of the following as possible diagnoses except
A) Candidiasis
B) Ovarian cyst
C) Appendicitis
D) Nephrol
ECF osmotic balance
sodium is responsible for?
polycistic ovarian syndrome
A 25 y/o obese female presents for evaluation of irregular menses since menarche. On average patient has 1 period every 6 months. When she does have her period she bleeds very heavily. She also reports excessive facial hair that requires her to shave dail
Defective BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
Amy self-examines her breast tissue and discovers a painful lump. She is extremely concerned and goes to the Emergency Room for a quick evaluation. On history, Amy's grandmother died from lung cancer that metastasized from the breast. The doctor evaluates
thiamine deficiency
A 50 y/o male with a history of chronic alcoholism has experienced increasing confusion and disorientation, with difficulty ambulating. When you ask him about his activities of the last few days, he tells you of some events that his wife tells you are com
Loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra
A 66-year-old man is finding that he has more difficulty moving about for the past year. He is annoyed by a tremor in his hands, but the tremor goes away when he performs routine tasks using his hands. His friends remark that he seems more sullen and does
reticular activating system
Smelling salts do not actually arouse a patient back to consciousness through the smell, but by actually burning and irritating the nasal mucosa. This illustrates the importance of fire alarms to have bright lights and loud sounds, as the smoke will not a