Early Hypoxemia
Chronic Bronchitis - Yes
Emphysema - No
Early CO2 retention
Chronic Bronchitis - Yes
Emphysema - No
Productive Cough
Chronic Bronchitis - Yes
Emphysema - No
Increased anteroposterior chest diameter
Chronic Bronchitis - No
Emphysema - Yes
Cor pulmonale
Chronic Bronchitis - Yes
Emphysema - No
Bronchiolitis, commonly seen in infants due to respiratory syncytial virus, is characterized by
Airway inflammation and mucus formation
Which of the following statements regarding cystic fibrosis is correct
It is associated with genetic defect in chloride ion transport
Signs or symptoms of tracheobronchial obstruction include all of the following
-Stridor
-Wheezing
-Sternal retractions
-Except: Crackles
A classic clinical finding when a patient has epiglottitis is
Pain and Difficulty swallowing
Group is a syndrome, a collection of signs and symptoms that may be due to several etiologic factors. the most characteristic finding in croup is
Barking cough with respiratory stridor
Extrinsic/allergic asthma
Is due to an antigen-antibody reaction on the IgE-bearing mast cells
Air trapping associated with chronic obstructive diseases results in an increase in which of the following components of pulmonary function testing
Residual Volume
Acute and chronic bronchitis differ in which of the following ways
Chronic bronchitis resultes in airway changes that are irreversible
Which of the following assessment findings is indicative of an asthma attack
Wheezing
Pathophysiologic differences between emphysema and chronic bronchitis include the fact that
Chronic bronchitis commonly results in polycythemia to compensate for persistant hypoxemia
Arterial blood gases for a patient with mild to moderate emphysema would reflect
Increased PaCO2
Pursed-lip breathing is commonly used by patients with emphysema because it
Decreases small airway collapse due to expiration
Clincal findings of prolonged hypoxemia in long-standing cystic fibrosis include
Clubbing of the fingers
Decreased airway radius occurs in chronic bronchitis due to all of the following
-Excessive amounts of sputum
-Airway scarring
-Inflammation
-Except: increased elastic recoil
Regardless of the trigger for an asthma attack, all forms are characterized by airway _____ which causes mucosal edema, bronchoconstriction, and hyper secretion of mucus
Inflammation
The increased work of breathing during an asthma attack is attributed to increased airway ______
Resistance
The peak expiratory flow rate is characteristically _______ in obstructive lung disorders, but normal or ____ in restrictive disorders
Decreased, Increased
A patient with a significant smoking history, chronically elevated PaCO2, and hypoxemia most likely has a respiratory disease diagnosis of _________
Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema is a chronic obstructive disorder associated with loss of lung parenchymal tissue. Obstruction occurs because lung parenchyma is responsible for maintaining _______ ____ on the small airways
Radial Traction
A low, flat diaphragm; narrow mediastinum; and decreased lung density on chest x-ray are characteristic finding in ________
Emphysema
Interventions for the patient with asthma are often based on the assessment of ____ ___
Peak Flow
Acute airway obstruction with a foreign object may be relieved by ____ _____ or the ___ _____
Back Blows, Hemlic Manuver
During pulmonary function testing, bronchospasm may be pharmacologically induced. This is known as
Bronchial Provocation
A Common Complication of Bronchiolitis is ____ _____
Otitis Media
The larynx is anatomically part of the lower airway but performs functions characteristic of the upper airway
True
Cilia are located throughout the airway and are responsible for the production of mucus
False
Aspiration of food into the airway is prevented by closure of the trachea with swallowing
False
The carina is the anatomic end of the trachea, where two main stem bronchi originate
True
Aspirated materials tend to go into the right main stem bronchus because it is shorter, wider and at less of an angle from the trachea
True
The right lung has two lobes, where as the left lung has three lobes
False
Surfactant is produced by the columnar epithelial cells lining the airways
False
Stimulation of the sympathetic branch of the ANS results in the release of acetylcholine, which causes constriction of smooth muscle in the bronchi and bronchioles
False
Cough Reflex receptors are located at the epiglottis and carina
True
Gas exchange occurs between the alveoli and capillaries (alveolar unit) by the physical process of diffusion
True
A reduction in the number of alveoli is to be expected as a part of the aging process
True
Blood is delivered to the lungs by the pulmonary vein, and oxygenated blood leaves the lungs via the pulmonary artery
False
Expiration is a passive process, primarily due to the elastic recoil of the lung tissue
True
An increase in lung compliance is associated with aging
True
The chemoreceptor center in the medulla is stimulated primarily by an increase in arterial CO2
True
A significant increase in the resistance of the pulmonary vasculature results in pulmonary ________
Hypertension
The three risk factors for thrombus formation commonly called Virchow's triad are
Statsis, Hypercoaguability, Injury to the vessel
Lung cancers are rarely diagnosed before they ___ and therefore have a very low long-term survival rate
Metastasized
The great majority of lung cancers occur in individuals who ______
Smoke
Diseases that cause global pulmonary hypoxemia usually are associated with pulmonary hypertension because hypoxemia causes ______ of pulmonary vessels
Vasoconstriction
An abnormal opening between the esophagus and trachea is called a ________
Fistula
The areas of the lung that are not involved in gas exchange are referred to as ____ _____ _____
Atomic Dead Space
Collapsed alveoli are the etiology of the condition known as _____
Atelectasis
As the radius of the airway is reduced, as is the case with asthma attacks or bacterial pneumonia, the ______ to air flow increases
Resistance
Pulmonary compliance is a reflection of airway ________ and lung ______
Resistance, Elasticity
The respiratory centers of the brain are located in the ______ and _______
Medulla, Pons
Activation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by
Blood contact with injured vascular endothelium
Fibrinolysis is characterized by
Conversion of plasminogen to plasmin
Deficient production of clotting factors would occur if which of the following organs were functioning abnormally
Liver
The proper function of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is best measured by which of the following lab tests
Prothrombin Time (PT)/INR (International Normalized Ratio)
A common over the counter medication that can alter hemostasis is
Ibuprofen
Vitamin K deficiency in the adult may be associated with
Liver Disease
Pathologic activation of the clotting cascade producing widespread coagulation and subsequent bleeding from a deficiency of clotting factors occurs in
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
All of the following are true regarding primary hemostasis
-Vasoconstriction reduces blood loss
-Platelets adhere to injured endothelial surfaces
-Initial vasoconstriction increases with increased trauma
-Except: Fibrin clots retract and solidify
The two most dangerous bleeding sites are the brain and
Oropharynx
Clotting factors are essential for successful hemostasis. which of the following statements regarding clotting factors is true
Most clotting factors circulate in inactive form
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Platelet count - Decreased
PT/INR - Normal
aPTT - Normal
Bleeding time - Elevated
Hemophilia A or B
Platelet Count - Normal
PT/INR - Elevated
aPTT - Elevated
Bleeding Time - Elevated or Normal
Liver Disease
Platelet Count - Normal or Decreased
PT/INR - Elevated
aPTT - Normal or Elevated
Bleeding Time - Elevated
Aspirin use
Platelet Count - Normal
PT/INR - Normal
aPTT - Normal
Bleeding Time - Elevated
DIC
Platelet Count - Decreased
PT/INR - Elevated
aPTT - Elevated
Bleeding time - Elevated
Platelets aggriate together by binding to fibrinogen with their ___________
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
Aspirin and other Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) inhibit platelet function by inhibiting the enzyme _________ which decreases the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes
Cyclooxygenase
The ________ pathway is activated by external traumatic injury of blood vessel walls, while the _____ pathway is activated by damaged endothelial walls
Extrinsic, Entrinsic
________ is the medical term for a bruise, and ________ means blood in the urine
Ecchymosis, Hematuria