The Client
We address with the "whole person" - all the psychological, biological, cultural, social, financial, educational, vocational, and spiritual components
The client can be an ____
individual, small group (e.g. family), or even a large population (e.g. a community)
Complicating Factors
A client may have a different perception of an issue than the HS professional
Theories identifying clients problems
1. Developmental Theory
2. Situational perspective
3. Meeting human needs
4. Wellness or strengths-based perspective
5. Environmental influences
6. Feminist/conflict perspective
Developmental theory
problems from the life span perspective focus on developmental tasks and stages
Situational perspective
problems that occur from accidents or other traumatic experiences in life
Meeting human needs
identification and help based on Maslow's hierarchy of human needs
Wellness or strengths-based perspective
There is an "indivisible self" (or many components to the self) and all components should be well or healthy; focus is on the positive and strengths of the client
Environmental influences
the environment of a client is layered and each layer impacts life differently
Feminist/conflict perspective
focuses on the concept of power and problems that come from social stratification and uneven amounts of power and control in society
Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy)
the degree to which a child learns to trust or mistrust others. determined by the type and amount of care the child recieves
autonomy vs. shame and doubt (2-4 years)
the degree to which a child is allowed and encouraged freedom and self-direction
initatitve vs. guilt (4-6 years)
the degree to which a child is allowed control of his/her body, choices, fantasy, motor activities, and language activities
Industry vs Inferiority (school age)
The degree to which they learn that work is worthwhile and meaningful. (worker/provider acknowledgment)They learn to discipline themselves and get along with others.
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)
The degree and ability to which the individual can bring together all the things learned about him/herself and integrate these different roles into a whole.
-mature, establish identity, perspective change
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood)
The degree to which they can share with and care about another person without fear of losing oneself.
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Adulthood)
The degree of concern for family and others "parenting" and acceptance of adult roles
Ego integrity vs. despair (Older adulthood)
The degree to which the individual can look back on their life with satisfaction and acceptance
-accepts life as experienced, assumes responsibility for that life, accepts death as final stage
Situational Perspective
-Problems in living can result from accidents, violent crimes, natural disasters, major life changes (divorce, death of a loved one, etc.)
-Clients often viewed as "victims
Wellness or Strengths-Based Perspective (Myers and Sweeney 2003)
Focused on the "indivisible self" - mind, body, and spirit are integrated by the individual to live life more fully (goal: achieving optimum state of health and well-being)
-Used primarily to plan and implement interventions
The creative self
define our unique self (thinking, emotions, control, work, positive humor)
The coping self
help individuals survive and thrive during life's challenges (leisure, stress management, self-worth, realistic beliefs)
The social self
relationships and connections with friends and family (friendship and love) enhance the value of life and longevity
The essential self
search for meaning for life and your contributions/legacy
(spirituality, gender identity, cultural identity, self-care)
The physical self
human body needs good nutrition and exercise to reach wellness (support good health and longevity)
Positive characteristics, abilities, and experiences of the client are emphasized to help client ____
address current problems using past successes
Typical client expectations of HS professionals:
1. Unbiased attitudes (no judgment)
2. Good listening skills
3. Expert help with making decisions
4. Help with tasks that need to be done
Unrealistic client expectations:
1. HS professional to make decisions and tell client what to do
2. Quick solutions and fast change
3. Addressing only certain aspects of the problem (not delving deeper into the cause of the problem)
Client's perception of the helper- greater satisfaction if they perceive the helper as __
having similar values, as being an expert in their field, and as accurately understanding their needs
Good relationships (Client Satisfaction)
s/he spends time with me," "S/he listens to me
Participation in the process (Client Satisfaction)
greater satisfaction when the client feels s/he has input in decision-making
Amount of change (Client Satisfaction)
greater satisfaction if they feel the problem was solved and positive change is happening
Supportive environment (Client Satisfaction)
greater satisfaction if client feels the helper and the agency care and support him/her with actions to address problems
Clarity of plan
(Client Satisfaction)
greater satisfaction when they understand the plan of action
Values of a good helper
1. Acceptance
2. Tolerance
3. Individuality
4. Self-determination
5. Confidentiality
Common Characteristics of good helpers
1. Self-awareness
2. Good communication
3. Empathy
4. Responsibility & Commitment
5. Flexibility
3 models of service delivery
1. medical model
2. public health model
3. human service model
medical model
#NAME?
Mary Richmond (1917)
described social case work
who applied the medical model to the field of mental illness?
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)
Sigmund Freud later revolutionized the treatment of mental illness with .....
psychoanalytic method
mission of the public health model...
#NAME?
the public health model bridges the _____
medical model and human service model
Human service model is concerned with what?
#NAME?
treatment methods in the human service model emphasize clients _______
strength to empower to empower and move toward self-suffiency
what approach is the preferred method of treatment for the human service model?
problem solving