Genomics
the study of GNA sequencing to analyze the function and structure of complete sets of DNA in a cell of an organism
Health Professional Shortage Area (HPSA)
geographic area, population group, or medical facility with shortages of healthcare professionals that may not allow a full complement of healthcare services
Inmate
a person who is held in a jail or prison to protect the public
Medically Underserved Area (MUA)
area that is determined through calculation of a ratio of primary medical care physicians per 1,000 population, infant mortality rate, percentage of the population with incomes below the poverty level, and percentage of the population aged 65 or older
Medically Underserved Population (MUP)
a U.S. federal designation for those populations that face economic barriers (low-income or Medicaid-eligible populations) or cultural and/or linguistic access barriers to primary medical care services
Trimorbidity
three common chronic illnesses of homeless people (i.e., mental illness, chronic physical illness, and substance addiction)
Underserved Population
a subgroup of the population that has a higher risk of developing health problems due to a greater exposure to health risk because of marginalization in sociocultural status, access to economic resources, age, or gender
Undeserved Populations
Those that are not served equitably by public and private healthcare infrastructure
Social injustice
Involves the denial of economic, sociocultural, political, civil, or human rights of certain populations or groups based on the belief of those with power that others are inferior.
In healthcare it manifests as disparity in access.
Why are underserved populations vulnerable?
They are at a higher risk of developing health problems
They are at a greater health risk because of marginalization
- sociocultural status
- access to economic resources
- age
- gender
- ability
What are some social determinants of health and health disparities?
- High-risk mothers
- Chronically ill and disabled people
- People living with HIV/AIDS
- Mentally ill people
- Homeless people
- Immigrants and refugess
Rural populations
- Health personnel issues
- Morbidity and mortality issues
- Elderly people
- Occupational and environmental health problems
...
...
Health professional shortage areas
Geographic ares, population groups, or medical facilities with shortages or healthcare professionals that may not allow a full complement of healthcare services
Accessibilty
Shortages of adequate, appropriate, and affordable transportation.
Cultural and geographic isolation
Availability
Insufficient number and diversity of formal services and providers.
Lack of acceptable services and human service infrastructure.
True or false: Older adults are rarely underserved.
False; older adults may be underserved in many settings
Correctional health: Underserved populations in jails and prisons.
- All levels of prevention needs to be addressed for all people who end up in correctional facilities
- Most inmates are males who are African American or Latino
- The avg. age of inmates is 37 yrs
- After release from incarceration, inmates often face so
Why are populations in jail underserved?
In correctional facilities, there is a disproportionate number of minorities, regardless of age and gender. The health of incarcerated people is compromised. Illness and injury are poorly addressed in correctional settings. Social determinants that contri
What are some unique needs that the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people face?
- Few population-based studies have been conducted in LGBT groups, with the exception of HIV-related research, particularly in men who have sex with men.
- Specific questions on surveys related to sexual orientation are lacking.
- Recognition of same-sex
What are some of the most serious physical and mental health conditions that the LGBT population faces?
Interpersonal violence and substance addiction.
Particular health concerns from a prevention perspective include obesity, injury, violence, and access to healthcare facilities.
What are some hardships that the homeless populations face?
- Deinstitutionalization efforts of the 1960s to mainstream the mentally ill into society
- Unemployment and underemployment
- Domestic violence
- Abandonment
- Natural disasters and fires
- Disability
- Substance abuse and addiction
- Immigration
- Polit
1. An underserved population is a subgroup of the population that has a higher risk of developing health problems due to marginalization in which areas? (Select all that apply.)
A) Age
B) Gender
C) Sociocultural status
D) Political affiliation
E) Religion
Ans: A, B, C
Feedback: An underserved population is a subgroup of the population that has a higher risk of developing health problems due to marginalization in sociocultural status, access to economic resources, age, or gender. Marginalization in religion
2. In the Healthy People 2020 federal initiatives in the United States, which group is identified as needing special attention and creative solutions to live a healthy life in the face of sobering health disparities and social injustices?
A) Older adults
Ans: D
Feedback: In the Healthy People 2020 federal initiatives in the United States, the following groups are identified as needing special attention and creative solutions to live a healthy life in the face of sobering health disparities and social inju
3. Definitions of rural areas are based on which concepts? (Select all that apply.)
A) Administrative
B) Religious
C) Land-use
D) Political
E) Economic
Ans: A, C, E
Feedback: Definitions of rural areas can be based on administrative, land use, or economic concepts, including variations of these three themes. Religious and political concepts are not among the themes on which the definitions of rural areas
4. Which most accurately defines a medically underserved area?
A) A geographic area, population group, or medical facility with shortages of healthcare professionals to the degree that a full complement of healthcare services is not possible
B) An area wi
Ans: B
Feedback: A medically underserved area (MUA) is an area with a lack of medical care services as determined by the number of primary medical care physicians per 1,000 population, infant mortality rate, percentage of the population with incomes below
5. The nurse visits a community health clinic in a remote rural area, at which emergency care is not provided because the facility lacks the medical staff necessary to offer such services. Based on this information, which is the most accurate description
Ans: A
Feedback: A health professional shortage area (HPSA) is a geographic area, population group, or medical facility with shortages of healthcare professionals to a degree that a full complement of healthcare services is not possible. A medically under
6. Which is an accurate health factor or effect of living in rural geopolitical areas?
A) Only about 5% of physicians practice in rural America despite that nearly one fourth of the population lives in these areas.
B) Although only one third of all motor
Ans: B
Feedback: Although only one third of all motor vehicle accidents occur in rural areas, two thirds of the deaths attributed to these accidents occur on rural roads. Only about 10% (not 5%) of physicians practice in rural America despite that nearly
7. Which correctly ranks the top four rural health priorities according to the Healthy People goals?
A) (1) Access to quality healthcare, (2) mental health and mental disorders, (3) diabetes, (4) heart disease
B) (1) Mental health and mental disorders, (2
Ans: D
Feedback: The correct ranking of rural health priorities is (1) access to quality healthcare, (2) heart disease, (3) diabetes, and (4) mental health and mental disorders.
8. When speaking with an older man in a rural community about his lifelong smoking habit, the nurse is alarmed to learn that he has never heard that cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer. This situation exemplifies which of the seven A's of
Ans: D
Feedback: Awareness refers to the level of information dissemination and degree of literacy. Availability refers to the number and diversity of formal services and providers, number of acceptable services, and amount of human service infrastructure
9. While visiting the home of an 89-year-old woman out in the country, the nurse learns that her primary care provider's office is one hour's drive away. The client states, "I've just stopped going in for appointments in the past few years. It's just too
Ans: B
Feedback: Accessibility refers to amount of adequate, appropriate, and affordable transportation as well as the degree of cultural and geographic isolation. Availability refers to the number and diversity of formal services and providers, number of
10. The Children's Defense Fund supports initiatives at the individual, family, community, organizational, and government levels. Which exemplifies a strategy at the family level?
A) Mentor a child in a READ program.
B) Volunteer with children who are hom
Ans: C
Feedback: Individual strategies include mentoring a child in a READ program, volunteering with children who are homeless or in foster care, and voting in every election and advocating for children. A family strategy is to create daily homework rout
11. The Children's Defense Fund supports initiatives at the individual, family, community, organizational, and government levels. Encouraging families to spend quality time together by hosting a movie or game night at a local church is an example of a str
Ans: B
Feedback: Encouraging families to spend quality time together by hosting a movie or game night at a local church is an example of a strategy at the community level and not at the family, organizational, or government levels.
12. The Children's Defense Fund supports initiatives at the individual, family, community, organizational, and government levels. Which strategies are at the government level? (Select all that apply.)
A) Provide free tax filing assistance to low-income wo
Ans: C, D
Feedback: Government strategies include ensuring that children in foster care and detention receive quality treatment to address their mental, behavioral, and emotional needs and promoting high-quality children's television programming and acces
13. In the United States, detention centers, jails, and prisons are places that provide safety to the public by incarcerating people who have committed crimes and who are deemed a threat to society. Which demographics are true of the majority of inmates?
Ans: B, C, E
Feedback: Most inmates are males who are African-American or Latino. The average age of inmates is 37. Seventy-five percent of all prisoners are nonviolent and have been incarcerated for drug possession and trafficking, bribery, and extortion
14. A nurse is assessing a client who was recently released from prison. Based on knowledge of the incidence rates of various types of crimes that lead to incarceration, the nurse suspects that the client may have committed which crime?
A) Murder
B) Rape
Ans: D
Feedback: Seventy-five percent of all prisoners are nonviolent and have become incarcerated for drug possession and trafficking, bribery, and extortion.
15. The nurse works at a clinic in Arizona that provides bilingual (English and Spanish) care to low-income immigrant workers from Mexico. Which designation most accurately describes the area or the population this nurse serves?
A) Health professional sho
Ans: C
Feedback: A medically underserved population (MUP) is a U.S. federal designation for those populations that face economic, cultural, or linguistic barriers to accessing primary medical care services. A medically underserved area (MUA) is an area wi
16. Which qualifies as an urbanized area according to the U.S. Census Bureau? (Select all that apply.)
A) A central city with population of 30,000 and surrounding densely settled territory with a population of 25,000 with a combined population density of
Ans: C, D, E
Feedback: The U.S. Census Bureau defines an urbanized area (UA) by population density. According to this definition, each UA includes a central city and the surrounding densely settled territory that together have a population of 50,000 or mo
17. An older woman in a rural health clinic tells the nurse that this is the first time she's been in a medical facility for more than 10 years. She shows signs of advanced diabetes, including significant necrosis in her feet. When asked why she didn't co
Ans: C
Feedback: Acceptability refers to the degree of reluctance to ask for help. Awareness refers to the level of information dissemination and degree of literacy. Adequacy refers to the level of service standards and evaluation and degree of evidence-b
18. What percentage of rural children live in poverty?
A) 14%
B) 24%
C) 34%
D) 44%
Ans: B
Feedback: Nearly 24% of rural children live in poverty.
19. Which most accurately characterize Medicare clients with acute myocardial infarctions (AMIs) who are treated in rural hospitals? (Select all that apply.)
A) Less likely to experience an opportunistic infection than those in urban hospitals
B) Less lik
Ans: B, D
Feedback: Medicare clients with AMI who were treated in rural hospitals were less likely than those treated in urban hospitals to receive recommended treatments and had significantly higher adjusted 30-day post-AMI death rates from all causes th
20. The Children's Defense Fund supports initiatives at the individual, family, community, organizational, and government levels. Which level is represented by hosting a health fair to ensure all children who are eligible for Medicaid or state children's
Ans: C
Feedback: Organizations, not families, communities, or government, are likely host a health fair to ensure all children who are eligible for Medicaid or your state children's health insurance program are enrolled.
21. How can genomics help improve care of underserved populations? (Select all that apply.)
A) Identify increased risk in certain populations for specific diseases.
B) Boost the immune system of individuals in the community.
C) Predict how a community mig
Ans: A, C, E
Feedback: Understanding the genetic predictors of disease through genomics is a determinant of how certain individuals, families, and communities may be disproportionately affected by illness, and why public health must be part of a strategy
Genomics
the study of GNA sequencing to analyze the function and structure of complete sets of DNA in a cell of an organism
Health Professional Shortage Area (HPSA)
geographic area, population group, or medical facility with shortages of healthcare professionals that may not allow a full complement of healthcare services
Inmate
a person who is held in a jail or prison to protect the public
Medically Underserved Area (MUA)
area that is determined through calculation of a ratio of primary medical care physicians per 1,000 population, infant mortality rate, percentage of the population with incomes below the poverty level, and percentage of the population aged 65 or older
Medically Underserved Population (MUP)
a U.S. federal designation for those populations that face economic barriers (low-income or Medicaid-eligible populations) or cultural and/or linguistic access barriers to primary medical care services
Trimorbidity
three common chronic illnesses of homeless people (i.e., mental illness, chronic physical illness, and substance addiction)
Underserved Population
a subgroup of the population that has a higher risk of developing health problems due to a greater exposure to health risk because of marginalization in sociocultural status, access to economic resources, age, or gender
Undeserved Populations
Those that are not served equitably by public and private healthcare infrastructure
Social injustice
Involves the denial of economic, sociocultural, political, civil, or human rights of certain populations or groups based on the belief of those with power that others are inferior.
In healthcare it manifests as disparity in access.
Why are underserved populations vulnerable?
They are at a higher risk of developing health problems
They are at a greater health risk because of marginalization
- sociocultural status
- access to economic resources
- age
- gender
- ability
What are some social determinants of health and health disparities?
- High-risk mothers
- Chronically ill and disabled people
- People living with HIV/AIDS
- Mentally ill people
- Homeless people
- Immigrants and refugess
Rural populations
- Health personnel issues
- Morbidity and mortality issues
- Elderly people
- Occupational and environmental health problems
...
...
Health professional shortage areas
Geographic ares, population groups, or medical facilities with shortages or healthcare professionals that may not allow a full complement of healthcare services
Accessibilty
Shortages of adequate, appropriate, and affordable transportation.
Cultural and geographic isolation
Availability
Insufficient number and diversity of formal services and providers.
Lack of acceptable services and human service infrastructure.
True or false: Older adults are rarely underserved.
False; older adults may be underserved in many settings
Correctional health: Underserved populations in jails and prisons.
- All levels of prevention needs to be addressed for all people who end up in correctional facilities
- Most inmates are males who are African American or Latino
- The avg. age of inmates is 37 yrs
- After release from incarceration, inmates often face so
Why are populations in jail underserved?
In correctional facilities, there is a disproportionate number of minorities, regardless of age and gender. The health of incarcerated people is compromised. Illness and injury are poorly addressed in correctional settings. Social determinants that contri
What are some unique needs that the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people face?
- Few population-based studies have been conducted in LGBT groups, with the exception of HIV-related research, particularly in men who have sex with men.
- Specific questions on surveys related to sexual orientation are lacking.
- Recognition of same-sex
What are some of the most serious physical and mental health conditions that the LGBT population faces?
Interpersonal violence and substance addiction.
Particular health concerns from a prevention perspective include obesity, injury, violence, and access to healthcare facilities.
What are some hardships that the homeless populations face?
- Deinstitutionalization efforts of the 1960s to mainstream the mentally ill into society
- Unemployment and underemployment
- Domestic violence
- Abandonment
- Natural disasters and fires
- Disability
- Substance abuse and addiction
- Immigration
- Polit
1. An underserved population is a subgroup of the population that has a higher risk of developing health problems due to marginalization in which areas? (Select all that apply.)
A) Age
B) Gender
C) Sociocultural status
D) Political affiliation
E) Religion
Ans: A, B, C
Feedback: An underserved population is a subgroup of the population that has a higher risk of developing health problems due to marginalization in sociocultural status, access to economic resources, age, or gender. Marginalization in religion
2. In the Healthy People 2020 federal initiatives in the United States, which group is identified as needing special attention and creative solutions to live a healthy life in the face of sobering health disparities and social injustices?
A) Older adults
Ans: D
Feedback: In the Healthy People 2020 federal initiatives in the United States, the following groups are identified as needing special attention and creative solutions to live a healthy life in the face of sobering health disparities and social inju
3. Definitions of rural areas are based on which concepts? (Select all that apply.)
A) Administrative
B) Religious
C) Land-use
D) Political
E) Economic
Ans: A, C, E
Feedback: Definitions of rural areas can be based on administrative, land use, or economic concepts, including variations of these three themes. Religious and political concepts are not among the themes on which the definitions of rural areas
4. Which most accurately defines a medically underserved area?
A) A geographic area, population group, or medical facility with shortages of healthcare professionals to the degree that a full complement of healthcare services is not possible
B) An area wi
Ans: B
Feedback: A medically underserved area (MUA) is an area with a lack of medical care services as determined by the number of primary medical care physicians per 1,000 population, infant mortality rate, percentage of the population with incomes below
5. The nurse visits a community health clinic in a remote rural area, at which emergency care is not provided because the facility lacks the medical staff necessary to offer such services. Based on this information, which is the most accurate description
Ans: A
Feedback: A health professional shortage area (HPSA) is a geographic area, population group, or medical facility with shortages of healthcare professionals to a degree that a full complement of healthcare services is not possible. A medically under
6. Which is an accurate health factor or effect of living in rural geopolitical areas?
A) Only about 5% of physicians practice in rural America despite that nearly one fourth of the population lives in these areas.
B) Although only one third of all motor
Ans: B
Feedback: Although only one third of all motor vehicle accidents occur in rural areas, two thirds of the deaths attributed to these accidents occur on rural roads. Only about 10% (not 5%) of physicians practice in rural America despite that nearly
7. Which correctly ranks the top four rural health priorities according to the Healthy People goals?
A) (1) Access to quality healthcare, (2) mental health and mental disorders, (3) diabetes, (4) heart disease
B) (1) Mental health and mental disorders, (2
Ans: D
Feedback: The correct ranking of rural health priorities is (1) access to quality healthcare, (2) heart disease, (3) diabetes, and (4) mental health and mental disorders.
8. When speaking with an older man in a rural community about his lifelong smoking habit, the nurse is alarmed to learn that he has never heard that cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer. This situation exemplifies which of the seven A's of
Ans: D
Feedback: Awareness refers to the level of information dissemination and degree of literacy. Availability refers to the number and diversity of formal services and providers, number of acceptable services, and amount of human service infrastructure
9. While visiting the home of an 89-year-old woman out in the country, the nurse learns that her primary care provider's office is one hour's drive away. The client states, "I've just stopped going in for appointments in the past few years. It's just too
Ans: B
Feedback: Accessibility refers to amount of adequate, appropriate, and affordable transportation as well as the degree of cultural and geographic isolation. Availability refers to the number and diversity of formal services and providers, number of
10. The Children's Defense Fund supports initiatives at the individual, family, community, organizational, and government levels. Which exemplifies a strategy at the family level?
A) Mentor a child in a READ program.
B) Volunteer with children who are hom
Ans: C
Feedback: Individual strategies include mentoring a child in a READ program, volunteering with children who are homeless or in foster care, and voting in every election and advocating for children. A family strategy is to create daily homework rout
11. The Children's Defense Fund supports initiatives at the individual, family, community, organizational, and government levels. Encouraging families to spend quality time together by hosting a movie or game night at a local church is an example of a str
Ans: B
Feedback: Encouraging families to spend quality time together by hosting a movie or game night at a local church is an example of a strategy at the community level and not at the family, organizational, or government levels.
12. The Children's Defense Fund supports initiatives at the individual, family, community, organizational, and government levels. Which strategies are at the government level? (Select all that apply.)
A) Provide free tax filing assistance to low-income wo
Ans: C, D
Feedback: Government strategies include ensuring that children in foster care and detention receive quality treatment to address their mental, behavioral, and emotional needs and promoting high-quality children's television programming and acces
13. In the United States, detention centers, jails, and prisons are places that provide safety to the public by incarcerating people who have committed crimes and who are deemed a threat to society. Which demographics are true of the majority of inmates?
Ans: B, C, E
Feedback: Most inmates are males who are African-American or Latino. The average age of inmates is 37. Seventy-five percent of all prisoners are nonviolent and have been incarcerated for drug possession and trafficking, bribery, and extortion
14. A nurse is assessing a client who was recently released from prison. Based on knowledge of the incidence rates of various types of crimes that lead to incarceration, the nurse suspects that the client may have committed which crime?
A) Murder
B) Rape
Ans: D
Feedback: Seventy-five percent of all prisoners are nonviolent and have become incarcerated for drug possession and trafficking, bribery, and extortion.
15. The nurse works at a clinic in Arizona that provides bilingual (English and Spanish) care to low-income immigrant workers from Mexico. Which designation most accurately describes the area or the population this nurse serves?
A) Health professional sho
Ans: C
Feedback: A medically underserved population (MUP) is a U.S. federal designation for those populations that face economic, cultural, or linguistic barriers to accessing primary medical care services. A medically underserved area (MUA) is an area wi
16. Which qualifies as an urbanized area according to the U.S. Census Bureau? (Select all that apply.)
A) A central city with population of 30,000 and surrounding densely settled territory with a population of 25,000 with a combined population density of
Ans: C, D, E
Feedback: The U.S. Census Bureau defines an urbanized area (UA) by population density. According to this definition, each UA includes a central city and the surrounding densely settled territory that together have a population of 50,000 or mo
17. An older woman in a rural health clinic tells the nurse that this is the first time she's been in a medical facility for more than 10 years. She shows signs of advanced diabetes, including significant necrosis in her feet. When asked why she didn't co
Ans: C
Feedback: Acceptability refers to the degree of reluctance to ask for help. Awareness refers to the level of information dissemination and degree of literacy. Adequacy refers to the level of service standards and evaluation and degree of evidence-b
18. What percentage of rural children live in poverty?
A) 14%
B) 24%
C) 34%
D) 44%
Ans: B
Feedback: Nearly 24% of rural children live in poverty.
19. Which most accurately characterize Medicare clients with acute myocardial infarctions (AMIs) who are treated in rural hospitals? (Select all that apply.)
A) Less likely to experience an opportunistic infection than those in urban hospitals
B) Less lik
Ans: B, D
Feedback: Medicare clients with AMI who were treated in rural hospitals were less likely than those treated in urban hospitals to receive recommended treatments and had significantly higher adjusted 30-day post-AMI death rates from all causes th
20. The Children's Defense Fund supports initiatives at the individual, family, community, organizational, and government levels. Which level is represented by hosting a health fair to ensure all children who are eligible for Medicaid or state children's
Ans: C
Feedback: Organizations, not families, communities, or government, are likely host a health fair to ensure all children who are eligible for Medicaid or your state children's health insurance program are enrolled.
21. How can genomics help improve care of underserved populations? (Select all that apply.)
A) Identify increased risk in certain populations for specific diseases.
B) Boost the immune system of individuals in the community.
C) Predict how a community mig
Ans: A, C, E
Feedback: Understanding the genetic predictors of disease through genomics is a determinant of how certain individuals, families, and communities may be disproportionately affected by illness, and why public health must be part of a strategy