Which of the following is not among the reasons why Americans delegate governance to representatives?
a. It is easier to let agents handle affairs.
b. Agents can specialize, gaining expertise.
c. The transaction costs of agency are high.
d. As principals,
The transaction costs of agency are high
The fact that "standing committees" in Congress accrue influence because they control certain policy areas is an example of
a. the history principle.
b. jurisdictional authority.
c. path dependency.
d. decisiveness.
Jurisdictional Authority
The idea that certain possibilities are made more or less likely because of the historical choices preceding them is called
a. path dependency.
b. de facto jurisdiction.
c. transactional facts.
d. the status quo.
Path Dependency
Political Scientist Harold Laswell said politics is the struggle over
a. who governs.
b. who gets there by whatever means.
c. the allocation of status, values, and legitimacy in society.
d. who gets what, when, and how.
Who gets what, when, and how
A government in which a small group of elites controls most of the governing decisions is
a. a democracy.
b. an autocracy.
c. an oligarchy.
d. a constitutional state.
Oligarchy
Governments that attempt to dominate or control every sphere of political, economic, and social life are
a. socialist governments.
b. oligarchies.
c. totalitarian governments.
d. authoritarian governments.
Totalitarian governments
Informal bargaining
a. is more effective the larger the group.
b. is more likely to be employed when the stakes are high.
c. is often associated with events that take place in official institutions.
d. is most successful when each party repeatedly "gives
Is most successful when each party repeatedly "gives a little to get a little.
The persistent influence of old political loyalties and attitudes exemplifies
a. the Rationality Principle.
b. the Collective-Action Principle.
c. the History Principle.
d. the Institution Principle.
The History Principle
Instrumental behavior
a. involves knee-jerk reactions.
b. is purposeful.
c. is mostly automatic or mechanical.
d. discounts the personal value of various outcomes.
is purposeful
When a single individual rules, it is said that the government is a(n):
a. oligarchy.
b. autocracy.
c. democracy.
d. anarchy.
Autocracy
What was Mancur Olson's solution to the collective action problem?
a. logrolling
b. compulsion through force
c. selective benefits
d. free riding
Selective Benefits
Autocracies differ from oligarchies in that
a. oligarchies are "totalitarian democracies."
b. autocracies cannot be authoritarian.
c. autocracies must contend with collective action problems.
d. oligarchies include more people in decision making.
oligarchies include more people in decision making
Institutions are connected to policy in part by the motivations of political actors, which include all of the following except
a. personal interests.
b. electoral ambitions.
c. ideological concerns.
d. family expectations.
Family expectations
Of the following which does NOT describe government?
a. the institutions and processes established to strengthen control over a land and its inhabitants
b. the processes that rulers establish to perpetuate their power
c. the source of all public authority
the informal melding of groups in society
Which of the following is not one of the five Principles of Politics described in the chapter?
a. History is just one random event after another.
b. All politics is collective action.
c. All political behavior has a purpose.
d. Institutions structure poli
History is just one random event after another
Which of the following is not an aspect of institutional arrangements that grants authority to politicians to pursue public policies?
a. jurisdiction
b. delegation
c. oversight
d. agenda power
oversight
When delegating authority to their agents or representatives, principals or constituents must take care to
a. monitor the agents' actions.
b. maximize transaction costs.
c. employ state coercion.
d. seem legitimate.
monitor the agent's actions
Veto power refers to
a. the ability of the Supreme Court to nullify acts of Congress.
b. the ability to block proposals from being made.
c. the ability to defeat something whether or not it becomes part of the agenda.
d. the ability of Congress to set its
the ability to defeat something whether or not it becomes part of the agenda
The control over what a group will consider for discussion and decision is
a. conscription.
b. selecting the benefits.
c. agenda power.
d. the tragedy of the commons.
agenda power
Which of the following is defined as a benefit that may be enjoyed by anyone and may not be denied to anyone once it has been provided?
a. public good
b. free rider
c. automatic instrument
d. selective benefit
public good
Successful collective action often involves all of the following except
a. some individuals enjoying the benefits of others' efforts without contributing themselves.
b. a leadership structure.
c. a means by which to sanction slackers if necessary.
d. esta
some individuals enjoying the benefits of others' efforts without contributing themselves
The textbook claims that the goal of politics is
a. to get all that you can from the government.
b. to protect your property from government tyranny.
c. to have a share or say in the composition, organization, and/or policies of the government.
d. to prom
to have a share or say in the composition, organization, and/or policies of the government
What is it called when people enjoy the benefits of some good while letting others bear the costs?
a. private good
b. free riding
c. transaction costs
d. sabotage
free riding
Institutions
a. generally say little about who has authority to act in a particular domain.
b. are a roadblock to collective action.
c. are routinized, structured relations that shape politics.
d. are groups of people acting in concert.
are routinized, structured relations that shape politics
Settings like legislatures, courts, and party conventions, where decisions are made on a repeated basis, are prone to
a. coercive resolution of conflict.
b. altruistic behavior.
c. informal bargaining.
d. formal bargaining.
formal bargaining
Government
The institutions and procedures through which a land and its people are ruled
Democracy
A system of rule that permits citizens to play a significant part in the governmental process, usually through the selection of key public officials
Constitutional Government
A system of rule in which formal and effective limits are placed on the powers of the government.
Authoritarian Government
A system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits but may nevertheless be restrained by the power of other social institutions
Totalitarian Government
A system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits on its power and seeks to absorb or eliminate other social institutions that might challenge it
Politics
The conflicts and struggles over the leadership, structure, and policies of government.
Instrumental
Done with purpose, sometimes with forethought, and even with calculation.
Institutions
The rules and procedures that provide incentives for political behavior, thereby shaping politics.
Jurisdiction
The domain over which an institution or member of an institution has authority
Agenda Power
The control over what a group will consider for discussion
Delegation
The transmission of authority to some other official or body for the latter's use (though often with the right of review and revision).
Principal-Agent Relationship
The relationship between a principal and his or her agent. This relationship may be affected by the fact that each is motivated by self-interest, yet their interests may not be well aligned.
Transaction Cost
The cost of clarifying each aspect of a principal-agent relationship and monitoring it to make sure arrangements are complied with.
Collective Action
The pooling of resources and the coordination of effort and activity by a group of people (often a large one) to achieve common goals.
Public Good
A good that (1) may be enjoyed by anyone if it is provided and (2) may not be denied to anyone once it has been provided.
By-product Theory
The idea that groups provide members with private benefits to attract membership. The possibility of group collective action emerges as a consequence.
Selective Benefits
Benefits that do not go to everyone but, rather, are distributed selectively�only to those who contribute to the group enterprise.
Path Dependency
The idea that certain possibilities are made more or less likely because of the historical path taken.
Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
America's first written constitution. Adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777, the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were the formal basis for America's national government until 1789, when they were superseded by the Constitution.
Great Compromise
An agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that gave each state an equal number of senators regardless of its population but linked representation in the House of Representatives to population.
Three-fifths Compromise
An agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 stipulating that for purposes of the apportionment of congressional seats, every slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person.
Bicameralism
The division of a legislative assembly into two chambers, or houses.
Expressed Powers
The notion that the Constitution grants to the federal government only those powers specifically named in its text.
Necessary and Proper Clause
Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which enumerates the powers of Congress and provides Congress with the authority to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry them out; also referred to as the elastic clause.
Judicial Review
The power of the courts to declare actions of the legislative and executive branches invalid or unconstitutional. The Supreme Court asserted this power in Marbury v. Madison (1803
Supremacy Clause
A clause of Article VI of the Constitution that states that all laws passed by the national government and all treaties are the supreme laws of the land and superior to all laws adopted by any state or any subdivision.
Separation of Powers
The division of governmental power among several institutions that must cooperate in decision making.
Federalism
The system of government in which a constitution divides power between a central government and regional governments.
Bill of Rights
The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1791. The Bill of Rights ensures certain rights and liberties to the people
Checks and Balances
The mechanisms through which each branch of government is able to participate in and influence the activities of the other branches.
Tyranny
Oppressive government that employs the cruel and unjust use of power and authority.
The Connecticut Compromise is called the Great Compromise because it
a. ended the dispute over slavery.
b. established a single national currency.
c. established that three-fifths of the House seats would be apportioned by state population.
d. solved the
solved the problem of representation by creating a bicameral legislature
The framers of the Constitution adopted Montesquieu's notion of a "mixed regime" when they
a. adopted a federal rather than a unitary system.
b. gave the president the veto power.
c. gave each of the branches a distinctly different constituency.
d. balanc
gave each of the branches a distinctly different constituency
Which is a constitutional power of the president?
a. declaring war
b. accepting ambassadors from other countries
c. borrowing money
d. resolving conflict between federal and state laws
accepting ambassadors from other countries
Which state refused to send delegates to the Constitutional Convention?
a. Rhode Island
b. Maryland
c. New Jersey
d. South Carolina
Rhode Island
The Constitution has been amended how many times?
a. 10
b. 27
c. 29
d. 51
27
Which of the following is not an "unalienable" right mentioned in the Declaration of Independence?
a. life
b. democracy
c. pursuit of happiness
d. liberty
Democracy
The relationship between Congress and the states under the Articles of Confederation most resembles that between
a. the United Nations and its member states.
b. the present United States and its allies.
c. state government and local counties.
d. local gov
the United Nations and its member states.
Which was a major deficiency of government under the Articles of Confederation?
a. The costs of the military grew into a major budget expenditure.
b. Travel between states was time-consuming.
c. Each state retained its own sovereignty.
d. Congress could r
Each state retained its own sovereignty.
In the struggle over the Constitution, who was more likely to advocate greater democracy and insist that representatives must be "a true picture of the people"?
a. an Antifederalist
b. a Federalist
c. a Tory
d. a Publican
Antifedaralist
That the Constitution would deem national laws and treaties superior to the laws adopted by states is known as
a. the supremacy clause.
b. the necessary and proper clause.
c. the elastic clause.
d. the full faith and credit clause.
the supremacy clause
Under the Constitution of 1787, all of the following were true of Congress except that
a. the Senate, but not the House, was given the power to ratify treaties and approve presidential appointments.
b. members of the House were apportioned according to st
some members of Congress served two-year terms, while others served four-year terms
Judicial review was the product of which Supreme Court decision?
a. Marbury v. Madison
b. McCullough v. Maryland
c. Brown v. Topeka Board of Education
d. Griswold v. Connecticut
Marbury v. Madison
The major event occurring just before the Constitutional Convention that stimulated many states to seek reforms was
a. the tobacco famine of 1786.
b. a resurgence of loyalist sentiment.
c. Shays's Rebellion.
d. the Annapolis Convention.
Shay's Rebellion
Which is not a reason why the national government failed under the Articles of Confederation?
a. competition among the states for foreign commerce
b. overbearing national government policies, which led to a backlash in the states
c. inability to levy taxe
overbearing national government policies, which led to a backlash in the states
What is the institutional principle that created three branches of government called?
a. separation of powers
b. jurisdictional authoritarianism
c. federalism
d. amendments
separation of powers
Under the Articles of Confederation, the government
a. had no judicial branch.
b. had the power to tax.
c. had a separate independent executive.
d. lasted until 1865.
had no judicial branch
The Eighteenth Amendment, regarding Prohibition, was
a. later repealed by the Twenty-fourth Amendment.
b. along with its repeal, the only instance in which the country tried to legislate by constitutional amendment.
c. ratified in 1865.
d. the first of ma
along with its repeal, the only instance in which the country tried to legislate by constitutional amendment
The notion that the Constitution grants to the federal government only those powers specifically named in its text is called
a. federalism.
b. separation of powers.
c. expressed power.
d. necessary and proper.
expressed powers
The works of Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to dispel fears of a national authority and to persuade opponents to adopt the Constitution are collectively known as
a. New Republic.
b. The Federalist Papers.
c. Common Sense.
d. The Antifeder
The Federalists Papers
Who did not author some of the Federalist Papers under the pseudonym "Publius"?
a. John Jay
b. Thomas Jefferson
c. James Madison
d. Alexander Hamilton
Thomas Jefferson
Compared to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution's principle of federalism represented
a. severe limitations on the power of the national government.
b. the status quo in the power relationship between states and the central government.
c. a st
a step toward the greater centralization of power in the national government
Which of the following is not a method of passing a constitutional amendment as defined in Article V of the Constitution?
a. passage by majorities in both Houses; then ratification by national popular referendum
b. passage by two-thirds votes in both Hous
passage by majorities in both Houses; then ratification by national popular referendum
Shays's Rebellion revealed that
a. the French had betrayed the colonies.
b. the Articles of Confederation had succeeded in uniting the colonies.
c. the colonists were more concerned with religious differences than taxation.
d. Congress as created by the A
Congress as created by the Articles of Confederation lacked the power to act in a crisis
In order for the new Constitution to take effect, how many states needed to ratify the document?
a. 7
b. 9
c. 13
d. 17
9
Why did the Antifederalists object to ratification of the Constitution?
a. They thought the federal government should be stronger.
b. They claimed the Constitution too strictly separated legislative power from executive power.
c. They feared the Constitut
They feared the Constitution would prove a threat to the states and to individual rights
Which of the following is not true of slavery and its role during the debates of the Constitutional Convention?
a. Over 90 percent of slaves resided in just five states.
b. It gave rise to the three-fifths compromise, under which five slaves would count a
It was an easily reconciled issue since most of the framers favored slavery
Sovereignty
Supreme and independent political authority.
Implied Powers
Powers derived from the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8) of the Constitution. Such powers are not specifically expressed but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers
Reserved Powers
Powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states; these powers are reserved to the states.
Police Powers
The power reserved to the government to regulate the health, safety, and morals of its citizens
Concurrent Powers
The authority possessed by both state and national governments, such as the power to levy taxes.
Full Faith and Credit Clause
The provision in Article IV. Section 1, of the Constitution requiring that each state normally honors the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state
Privileges and immunities
The provision in Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution stating that a state cannot discriminate against someone from another state or give its own residents special privileges.
Home rule
The power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs
Dual federalism
The system of government that prevailed in the United States from 1789 to 1937, in which fundamental governmental powers were shared between the federal and state governments, with the states exercising the most important powers
Commerce clause
Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which delegates to Congress the power "to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes." This clause was interpreted by the Supreme Court to favor national powe
Cooperative Federalism
A type of federalism existing since the New Deal era, in which grants-in-aid have been used strategically to encourage states and localities (without commanding them) to pursue nationally defined goals. Also known as intergovernmental cooperation.
grants-in-aid
A general term for funds given by Congress to state and local governments
categorical grants-in-aid
Funds given by Congress to states and localities and that are ear-marked by law for specific categories, such as education or crime prevention
Project grants
Grant programs in which state and local governments submit proposals to federal agencies and for which funding is provided on a competitive basis.
Formula grants
Grants-in-aid in which a formula is used to determine the amount of federal funds a state or local government will receive.
unfunded mandates
National standards or programs imposed on state and local governments by the federal government without accompanying funding or reimbursement.
block grants
Federal funds given to state governments to pay for goods, services, or programs, with relatively few restrictions on how the funds may be spent.
states' rights
The principle that states should oppose increases in the authority of the national government. This view was most popular before the Civil War
state sovereign immunity
A legal doctrine holding that states cannot be sued for violating an act of Congress
legislative supremacy
The preeminent position assigned to Congress by the Constitution
Divided government
The condition in American government in which the presidency is controlled by one party while the opposing party controls one or both houses of Congress.
Executive Privelege
The claim that confidential communications between the president and the president's close advisers should not be revealed without the consent of the president.
writ of habeas corpus
A court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention. Habeas corpus is guaranteed by the Constitution and can be suspended only in cases of rebellion or invasion.
Civil Liberties
The protections of citizens from improper governmental action.
Miranda rule
The convention derived from the Supreme Court's 1966 ruling in the case of Miranda v. Arizona whereby persons under arrest must be informed of their legal rights, including their right to counsel, before undergoing police interrogation.
establishment clause
The First Amendment clause that says, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion." This law means that a wall of separation exists between church and state.
Lemon Test
Rule articulated in Lemon v. Kurtzman according to which governmental action in respect to religion is permissible if it is secular in purpose, does not lead to "excessive entanglement" with religion, and neither promotes nor inhibits the practice of reli
Free Exercise Clause
The First Amendment clause that protects a citizen's right to believe and practice whatever religion he or she chooses
clear and present danger
The criterion used to determine whether speech is protected or unprotected, based on its capacity to present a "clear and present danger" to society.
speech plus
Speech accompanied by activities such as sit-ins, picketing, and demonstrations. Protection of this form of speech under the First Amendment is conditional, and restrictions imposed by state or local authorities are acceptable if properly balanced by cons
prior restraint
An effort by a government agency to block the publication of material it deems libelous or harmful in some other way; censorship. In the United States, the courts forbid prior restraint except under the most extraordinary circumstances.
libel
A written statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" and considered damaging to a victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory.
slander
An oral statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" and considered damaging to a victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory.
fighting words
Speech that directly incites damaging conduct
due process
Proceeding according to law and with adequate protection for individual rights.
exclusionary rule
The ability of courts to exclude evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment.
grand jury
A jury that determines whether sufficient evidence is available to justify a trial. Grand juries do not rule on the accused's guilt or innocence.
double jeopardy
The Fifth Amendment right providing that a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime.
eminent domain
The right of the government to take private property for public use, with reasonable compensation awarded for the property.
right to privacy
The right to be let alone, which has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to entail free access to birth control and abortions
The First Amendment protection of a citizen's right to believe and practice whatever religion he or she chooses is called:
a. the free exercise clause.
b. the establishment clause.
c. the privileges and immunities clause.
d. the privacy right.
the free exercise clause
Which of the following is not a case involving the right to privacy?
a. Roe v. Wade
b. Kelo v. City of New London
c. Lawrence v. Texas
d. Griswold v. Connecticut
Kelo v. City of New London
Eminent domain involves all of the following except
a. the power of government to take private property for public use.
b. the requirement that government provide reasonable compensation.
c. the sole doctrine that has never been fully incorporated into th
the sole doctrine that has never been fully incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment
Which case held that the national government was under no obligation to protect the "privileges and immunities" of citizens of a particular state against arbitrary actions by that state's government?
a. Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad v. Chicago
the Slaughter-house cases
Which of the following is not one of the conditions under which the Supreme Court, in Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), argued that government aid to religious schools was permissible?
a. The aid had a secular purpose.
b. The effect of the aid was neither to adva
The recipient conveyed religious content in a nondenominational framework.
Those who argue that the government can provide assistance to religious institutions so long as it shows no favoritism take a(n)
a. non-establishment position.
b. accommodationist position.
c. strict separation view.
d. intermediate scrutiny position.
accommodationist position
The "nationalization" of the Bill of Rights refers to the:
a. extension of constitutional protection to former slaves.
b. reintegration of the secessionist states into the Union and the Constitution.
c. extension of the Bill of Rights to protect citizens
extension of the Bill of Rights to protect citizens against state governments
In Mapp v. Ohio, the Supreme Court did all of the following except
a. prohibit illegally obtained evidence from being introduced in a trial.
b. expand citizens' Fourth Amendment rights.
c. affirm the "exclusionary rule."
d. rule that suspects have a right
rule that suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations.
The requirement that persons under arrest be informed of their legal rights, including right to counsel, is known as
a. the sphere of privacy.
b. the Mapp rule.
c. the Miranda rule.
d. the exclusionary rule.
the Miranda rule
Which Amendment addressed advocates' concerns that some might construe the Bill of Rights as an exhaustive list?
a. the First Amendment
b. the Ninth Amendment
c. the Tenth Amendment
d. The Bill of Rights is an exhaustive listing of Americans' rights and l
The Ninth Amendment
In Barron v. Baltimore, the Supreme Court ruled that the Bill of Rights:
a. applied to state and local governments.
b. applied to states, but not local governments.
c. did not apply to state and local governments.
d. did not apply to interstate commerce.
did not apply to state and local governments
The constitutional doctrine of prior restraint
a. allows the government to censor obscene material.
b. requires a waiting period prior to broadcast during which government officials may review corporate advertising.
c. involves protection of speech accomp
prohibits government agencies from trying to prevent publication of material by the press except under extraordinary circumstances.
The Supreme Court's ruling in Barron v. Baltimore ushered in what era of civil liberties?
a. Marshall freedoms
b. era of good feelings
c. dual citizenship
d. unitary liberty
dual citizenship
A written statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" and damaging to a victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory"
a. is libel.
b. is slander.
c. is generally not a punishable offense.
d. is protected by the First Amendment.
libel
What was the fundamental issue in Gitlow v. New York?
a. freedom of association
b. right to privacy
c. right against self-incrimination
d. freedom of speech
freedom of speech
Which Supreme Court case struck down a key portion of the 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)?
a. U.S. v. Lopez
b. McCain v. Feingold
c. Buckley v. Valeo
d. FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life
FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life
All of the following are true with respect to the First Amendment except that
a. many forms of speech are protected almost absolutely.
b. saying something negative against the government may result in prosecution under the Alien and Sedition Acts.
c. spee
saying something negative against the government may result in prosecution under the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Essentially, Civil liberties are
a. freedoms civilians have that military personnel do not.
b. spelled out in great detail in the Constitution.
c. government action.
d. protections of citizens from improper government action.
protections of citizens from improper government action.
Which of the following is not a right guaranteed to the criminally accused at both the state and federal levels?
a. the demonstration of probable cause to justify being held in custody
b. protection from being tried more than once for the same crime
c. pr
guarantee of a grand jury to determine whether a trial is justified
All of the following fall outside the protections of the First Amendment except
a. speech that directly incites damaging conduct.
b. speech that interferes with a school's goal of teaching students the limits of socially acceptable behavior.
c. hate speec
hate speech
Civil Rights
The legal or moral claims that citizens are entitled to make on the government
equal protection clause
The provision of the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteeing citizens "the equal protection of the laws." This clause has been the basis for the civil rights of African Americans, women, and other groups
separate but equal" rule
The doctrine that public accommodations could be segregated by race but still be equal
de jure segregation
Racial segregation that is a direct result of law or official policy.
de facto segregation
Racial segregation that is not a direct result of law or government policy but is, instead, a reflection of residential patterns, income distributions, or other social factors.
intermediate scrutiny
The test used by the Supreme Court in gender discrimination cases. Intermediate scrutiny places the burden of proof partially on the government and partially on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional.
Affirmative Action
A policy or program designed to redress historic injustices committed against specific groups by making special efforts to provide members of these groups with access to educational and employment opportunities
Which of the following is not among the important events that occurred on the road toward civil rights for women?
a. Seneca Falls Convention of 1848
b. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
c. ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment in 1982
d. the
ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment in 1982
Given the distinction between rights and liberties, which of the following is most often an example of a civil right rather than a civil liberty?
a. freedom of speech
b. equal employment opportunity
c. separation of church and state
d. right to bear arms
equal employment opportunity
The test employed by the Supreme Court in gender discrimination cases in which the burden of proof falls partially on the government and partially on the challengers is called
a. the Lemon test.
b. strict scrutiny.
c. intermediate scrutiny.
d. fighting wo
intermediate scrutiny
Which Supreme Court case extended the right to privacy to gay men and lesbians?
a. Bowers v. Hardwick
b. Lawrence v. Texas
c. Griswold v. Connecticut
d. Romer v. Evans
Lawrence v. Texas
The most important judicial extension of civil rights in education after 1954 is:
a. the Swann decision of 1971 involving busing.
b. called for in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.
c. Milliken v. Bradley (1974) on the issue of de jure segregation.
d. the
the Swann decision of 1971 involving busing
When segregation is a result of law or official policy, it is known as
a. de jure segregation.
b. de facto segregation.
c. an equalization strategy.
d. habeas corpus.
de jure segregation
In what case did the Supreme Court assert the "separate but equal" doctrine?
a. Plessy v. Ferguson
b. Brown v. Board of Education
c. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
d. Furman v. Georgia
Plessy v. Ferguson
In the years immediately following Brown v. Board of Education
a. it became clear that equal protection could be achieved through the courts alone.
b. groups like the Southern Christian Leadership Conference created pressure for federal action to guarante
groups like the Southern Christian Leadership Conference created pressure for federal action to guarantee civil rights.
Civil rights
a. were a requirement upheld in many of the thirteen colonies that one must belong to the official state religion.
b. are the freedoms of speech, press, and religion.
c. are claims that citizens make on the government for equal citizenship an
are claims that citizens make on the government for equal citizenship and protections from discrimination by other citizens or government agencies.
With respect to Native Americans, all of the following are true except that:
a. their political status was left unclear in the Constitution.
b. those who were born in the United States were granted citizenship according to legislation passed by Congress i
the federal government has neither recognized their sovereignty nor freed them from state regulations.
Which clause of the Fourteenth Amendment has been used to launch progress in civil rights?
a. affirmative action clause
b. home rule clause
c. equal protection clause
d. integration clause
equal protection clause
Which president of the United States deployed U.S. troops to Little Rock?
a. Clinton
b. Eisenhower
c. Truman
d. Kennedy
Eisenhower
Affirmative action
a. may legally involve a "rigid numerical quota."
b. has not been the subject of ballot referenda.
c. aims to overcome the consequences of past discrimination by making special efforts to encourage greater diversity.
d. was declared unc
aims to overcome the consequences of past discrimination by making special efforts to encourage greater diversity.
The Supreme Court's 1992 ruling in Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools did all of the following except
a. decide that violations of Title IX of the 1972 Education Act could be remedied with monetary damages.
b. open the door for more legal action i
open the door for more legal action in the area of education.
Which of the following Supreme Court decisions led Congress to pass a law protecting those who wished to file pay discrimination charges against employers?
a. Boumediene v. Bush
b. Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.
c. R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
d.
Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.
In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court decide that school districts must provide education for students whose English is limited?
a. United States v. Wong Kim Ark
b. Frontiero v. Richardson
c. Law v. Nichols
d. MALDEF v. California
Law v. Nichols
Which of the following is not true of California's Proposition 187 regarding illegal immigrants?
a. It denied them all services except emergency medical care.
b. Most of it was declared unconstitutional by a federal court.
c. It was adopted by a majority
It was repealed in a 2000 ballot referendum
Which Supreme Court case overturned a policy of school segregation aimed at Mexican Americans?
a . Mendez v. Westminster
b. LULAC v. Los Angeles County Public Schools
c. Brown v. Board of Education
d. Gonzales v. Oregon
Mendez v. Westminster
In which case did the Supreme Court apply strict scrutiny to an affirmative action case but nevertheless find in favor of the affirmative action program?
a. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
b. Adarand Constructors v. Pena
c. Grutter v. Bol
Grutter v. Bollinger
The Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education
a. had an almost immediate effect in integrating southern schools.
b. continued de jure (if not de facto) segregation.
c. had only a delayed impact in increasing the percentage of southern black
had only a delayed impact in increasing the percentage of southern black schoolchildren attending
The concepts of rights for people with disabilities
a. achieved its greatest success with the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.
b. began to emerge at the turn of the twentieth century.
c. has led to little public accommodation of the
achieved its greatest success with the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
5 Principles of Politics
1. All political behavior has a purpose
2. Institutions structure politics
3. All politics is collective action
4. Political outcomes are the products of individual preferences, institutional procedures, and collective action
5. How we got here matters
Which of the following interests in colonial society was mostly likely to organize in opposition to taxes on commerce such as the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act?
a. New England merchants
b. Southern planters
c. Royalists
d. Shopkeepers, artisans, and laborer
New England merchants and Southern planters
The Declaration of Independence
All men are created equal."
Governments derive their legitimacy from the consent of the governed.
Declares that when a government no longer serves the needs of the people, the people have a right to revolt.
Does not create a government.
The first American constitution...
The articles of confederation
The Articles of Confederation was primarily concerned with
a. preventing domestic insurrection
b. limiting the powers of the central government
c. generating new tax revenues
d. regulating trade among the colonies
e. centralizing currency and monetary pol
limiting the powers of the central government
Article I of the US Constitution provides for the:
a. judicial branch
b. executive branch
c. legislative branch
d. role of state governments
e. freedom of speech, religion, press
legislative branch
Article II of the US Constitution provides for the:
a. judicial branch
b. executive branch
c. legislative branch
d. role of state governments
e. freedom of speech, religion, press
Executive branch
Article III of the US Constitution provides for the:
a. judicial branch
b. executive branch
c. legislative branch
d. role of state governments
e. freedom of speech, religion, press
Judicial Branch
Which of the first three articles is longest and most specific in its grant of governmental power?
Article I - Legislative branch
The terms of the senators are staggered so that the terms of one-third senators expires every:
a. year
b. two years
c. fours years
d. five years
e. six years
two years
Which constitutional clause generally obligates states to honor the "Public Acts, Records, and Proceedings" of other states?
a. supremacy clause
b. commerce clause
c. full faith and credit clause
d. necessary and proper clause
full faith and credit clause
Federalists favored ratification and national government
...
The type of federalism that existed from 1789 to 1937 in which the state and federal governments' powers are best described as layered is knows as:
a. double security
b. dual federalism
c. confederal cooperation
d. shared federalism
dual defederalism
In the system devised by the framers of the Constitution, sovereignty was vested in
a. the federal government only
b. state government only
c. both the federal and state governments
d. local governments
e. the executive branch
both the federal and state governments
During the Constitutional Convention, the motion to include a Bill of Rights was:
a. tabled at the insistence of delegates from Rhode Island
b. approved almost unanimously
c. incorporated as part of the full faith and credit clause
d. overwhelmingly rejec
overwhelmingly rejected by the Federalists
The AntiFederalists were in favor of:
a. a strong central government
b. the virginia plan
c. expanding slavery to the North
d. protecting states' rights
protecting states' rights
The Federalists understood that majorities could abuse their power in a democracy, but Madison argued that such an outcome is less likely if the nation is:
a. large with diverse interests
b. small with diverse interests
c. large with common interests
d. s
large with diverse interests
The First Amendment to the Constitution was specifically concerned with limits on the:
a. courts
b. Congress
c. President
d. state governments
congress
Federal subsidies of special state and local activities are called:
a. mandates
b. grants-in-aid
c. bonus payments
d. apportionments
grants-in-aid
Which presidents advocated converting federal programs into block grants as a strategy labeled the "New Federalism"?
a. Carter and Clinton
b. Eisenhower and Kennedy
c. Ford and Clinton
d. Nixon and Reagan
Nixon and Reagan
Within the separation of powers, the framers provided for supremacy of the:
a. judiciary
b. executive
c. Electoral College
d. legislature
legislature
The protection of citizens from improper governmental actions are called:
a. civil rights
b. civil liberties
c. civic duties
d. civic entitlements
civil liberties
The Bill of Rights is basically an amendments on what:
a. citizens must do
b. citizens must not do
c. the federal government must do
d. the federal government must not do
the federal government must not do
In the 1833 case of Barron v. Baltimor, the facts of the case revolved around the deprivation of:
a. life
b. privacy
c. free speech
d. property
property
The piecemeal application of the Bill of Rights to the states is known as:
a. singular appropriation
b. selective incorporation
c. sequential appropriation
d. gradual adaptation
selective incorporation
Of all forms of speech, the most consistently protected is:
a. artistic
b. political
c. religious
d. individual
political
The difference between libel and slander is that:
a. libel is spoken and slander is written
b. libel is written and slander is spoken
c. libel is illegal while slander is not
d. there is no difference
libel is written and slander is spoken
Which is not part of the constitutional framework for federalism?
a. Tenth Amendment
b. "necessary and proper" clause
c. Second Amendment
d. Expressed powers in Article I, Section 8
Second Amendment
Which of the following constitutional principles has become directly entangled in the debate over gay marriage?
a. the necessary and proper clause
b. the supremacy clause
c. the full faith and credit clause
d. the prohibition on dual officeholding
the full faith and credit clause
The requirement that persons under arrest be informed of their legal rights, including the right to counsel, is known as
a. the Mapp rule
b. the Miranda rule
c. the exclusionary rule
the Miranda rule
The "nationalization" of the Bill of Rights refers to the:
a. extension of constitutional protection to former slaves
b. reintegration of the secessionist states in the Union
c. extensions of the Bill of Rights to protect citizens against state government
extensions of the Bill of Rights to protect citizens against state government
In the years immediately following Brown v. Board of Education
a. it became clear that equal protection could be achieved through the courts
b. de factor segregation ended
c. collective action fighting for civil rights increased
collective action fighting for civil rights increased
Which clause of the 14th Amendment has been used to launch progress in civil rights?
a. affirmative action clause
b. home rule clause
c. equal protection clause
d. integration clause
equal protection clause
The test employed by the Supreme court in gender discrimination cases which the burden of proof falls partially on the government and partially on the challengers is called:
a. The lemon test
b. strict scrutiny
c. intermediate scrutiny
d. dialectical reas
intermediate scrutiny
Which Amendment granted women the right to vote?
a. 19th
b. 35th
c. 1st
d. 10th
19th
A policy or program designed to redress historic injustices committed against specific groups by making special effort to provide members of these groups with access to education and employment opportunities is know as:
a. reparations
b. affirmative actio
affirmative action
Racial desegregation that is direct result of law or official policy is known as __ segregation.
a. de facto
b. legal
c. de jure
d. political
de jure
In 1954, the supreme court in Brown v. Board of Education overturned the infamous "separate but equal" doctrine aticulated in which previous case:
a. Mapp v. Ohio
b. Plessy v. Ferguson
c. Duncan v. Louisiana
d. Dred Scott v. Sanford
Plessy v. Ferguson
The equal protection clause appears in the ___ Amendment.
a. 19th
b. 17th
c. 14th
d. 12th
14th
McCulloh v. Maryland
Congress can charter a bank under the necessary and proper clause, but state cannot tax federal entity because of the supremacy clause
Gibbons v. Ogden
The constitution can permit the federal government to regulate navigation.
Dual citizenship
citizens have liberties that protect them against national government action and a separate set of liberties that protect them against state government action
Near v. Arizona case
Freedom of Press.
MApp v. Ohio case
Developed the Exclusionary rule- the ability of the courts to exclude evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment
McDonald v. Chicago case
Freedom of right to bear arm.
Morse v. Frederick case
Freedom of speech
The Fifth Amendment provides protection against double jeopardy and self-incrimination
...
Gideon v. Wainwright case
Right to counsel into the 14th amendment
the 8th amendment
rights of the accused
Roe v. Wade case
rights to privacy
Plessy v. Ferguson
separate but equal
Griggs v. Duke Power
discrimination in employment
Lau v. Nichols
required education that students can understand (foreigners)