True
Formal eligibility requirements for the presidency of the United States include qualifications based on age, citizenship, and residency status.
False
The U.S. Constitution requires those seeking the presidency to have prior experience in elective office.
False
Support for a female president has decreased over the past decade.
True
The Twenty-Second Amendment establishes presidential term limits
consult with Congress before sending U.S. armed forces into hostile territory
The War Powers Resolution of 1973, enacted as the result of a rare veto override by Congress, requires the president to
It is common for presidents to use their State of the Union message to encourage the public to pressure Congress to support the president's policies. and The U.S. Constitution grants the president the power to sign or veto legislation passed by Congress.
Which of the following statements are accurate regarding the role of the president in the legislative process?
The power to raise and support armies is a power delegated to Congress. and The Constitution grants the president the power to act as commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
Which of the following statements accurately describes national security powers?
To protect freedom and democracy, it is important to be aware of the possibility of improper influence by private defense industries.
What was the main point of President Eisenhower's farewell address excerpted above?
President Johnson, 1964
Civil Rights Act
35
What is the minimum age required to attain the office of U.S. president?
Twelfth
Which amendment set the eligibility requirements for vice president?
the Constitution
What determines the presidential order of succession?
Franklin Roosevelt
The president's tenure was limited to two terms following what president's election to a fourth term?
lame duck
Because a president in his second term cannot seek reelection, he is commonly referred to as a
Commander in Chief
As _____ , the president directs all war efforts and military conflict.
pardon
The president has the power to _______, which is the ability to fully forgive an individual's federal prison sentence.
two-thirds
Congress can override a presidential veto with a ______ vote in each chamber.
The president nominates judges in the federal judicial system, including Supreme Court justices.
What authority or role does the president have regarding the judicial system?
Andrew Johnson
Who was the first president to have impeachment charges brought against him?
Watergate
Which scandal led to the resignation of Richard Nixon?
United States v. Nixon
Which case indicated that the president's power of executive privilege is not absolute?
presidential directives
Presidents use the executive power to issue ______ that give specific instructions on a federal policy and do not require congressional approval.
Signing statements
____ are written remarks that reflect the president's interpretation of the law that are not required or authorized by the Constitution.
What is the Federal Register?
the official record of government regulations
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the president could not seize domestic property when the U.S. was at war abroad?
Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer
90
Pursuant to the War Powers Act, the president may send troops into military conflict for no more than _____ days without an official declaration of war or authorization from Congress.
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
Which case blocked the Bush administration from denying habeas corpus privileges to an enemy combatant who was a U.S. citizen?
Bureau of Land Management
Which of the following organizations is NOT part of the Executive Office of the President?
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Which president appointed the first chief of staff?
Eleanor Roosevelt
Which first lady showed her support for civil rights by arranging for the first African American opera singer to perform on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial?
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Which president's program, known as the New Deal, was designed to address problems associated with the Great Depression?
Great Society
Lyndon Johnson's federal social welfare programs became known as the
the "Great Communicator
Ronald Reagan is referred to as _____ because he came across very well on television
the Iran-Contra scandal
Which major controversy marred the presidency of Ronald Reagan?
the new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
In response to the problem of risky practices employed by big banks, the federal government has created_________________ to monitor banking practices
Problem identification (1)
Policy formulation (2)
Policy adoption (3)
Policy implementation (4)
Policy evaluation (5)
Order the following stages of the policymaking process by selecting the appropriate number for each stage.
one million, Asia, North America
more than ____ people obtain legal permanent residence in the United States each year. The largest percentage of these new residents are from _____ , followed by new residents from _____
The act focused on minor "aliens," who would be granted a fast track to citizenship and would no longer face deportation as a result and Under the DREAM Act, graduates of U.S. high schools who entered the country illegally as minors would be eligible for
Which of the following statements are true of the DREAM Act?
Capitalist
Consequences resulting from this economic policy are often blamed for the Great Stock Market Crash that occurred on October 29, 1929, triggering the Great Depression. and This economic policy is consistent with the founders' views regarding limited govern
Keynesian
Franklin Roosevelt put in place this form of economic policy as a means of recovering from the Great Depression. and Increased taxation and government spending are hallmarks of this economic policy.
Static scoring is currently used by the U.S. government to estimate tax revenue. and The U.S. Constitution requires tax bills to be introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Which of the following statements are accurate regarding taxes in the United States?
The system of static scoring currently used by the U.S. government provides an overly simplistic and thus inaccurate estimation of the impact of tax reforms.
Of the following arguments, which most closely aligns with the views of the Tax Foundation
Instituted in 1936, Social Security provides an income safety net for the elderly and disabled. and As an entitlement program, Social Security cannot be denied to eligible recipients.
Which of the following statements are true regarding Social Security?
ideological
President Bill Clinton argued that it was a "moral imperative" for the United States to become involved in ending the "ethnic cleansing" that occurred in former Yugoslavia., In the first State of the Union message after the terrorist attacks of September
pragmatic
In 1972, President Nixon looked beyond his anticommunist beliefs and traveled to China to meet with Mao Zedung, leading to improved relations between the two nations.
public policy
What is the term for a set of laws that regulate political and social life in order to meet a need or accomplish a goal?
maximizes benefits and minimizes costs.
Government seeks public policy that:
the Federal Register
Where are the official records of all executive branch rules, regulations, and orders found?
policy diffusion
The process by which policy ideas and programs initiated by one state spread to other states is known as
Problem Identification
The first step in the policy process, where there is recognition that something might warrant government action, is known as
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
What program provides low-income individuals with a subsidy for food that is funded through general taxation?
the amount of time they worked while paying into the program
What determines the amount of Social Security retired workers receive?
Medicare
__________ provides health insurance for people over the age of 65 and the disabled.
Medicaid
_______ was created to provide health care coverage for low-income
extend health insurance coverage to uninsured Americans.
The primary purpose of the Affordable Care Act was to
Department of Health and Human Services.
All of the following departments share jurisdiction over immigration policy EXCEPT the
the DREAM Act
What program was meant to help children who entered the country illegally with their parents gain citizenship if they met certain requirements?
Arizona
In 2010, which state passed a law allowing police officers to inquire about immigration status when individuals were stopped for another police inquiry?
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
What was created to implement the 1970 Clean Air Act?
fiscal policy
What term is used to describe government use of taxing and spending as a method of intervening in the economy?
the president
Who nominates the board of governors that lead the Federal Reserve System?
fair trade
What type of policy encourages trade between countries with the requirement of working conditions and wages that are comparable between the two countries?
Canada, Mexico and the United States
Which countries are active participants in the North American Free Trade Agreement?
the World War I
The League of Nations was a provision of a treaty that ended
the Cold War
During ________, nations were forced to align themselves either with democracy or communis
Commander in Chief
As _________, the president makes the decision to engage in military action.
the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
In 1970, what was created to discourage the development of nuclear weapons technology?
the Department of State
Who is responsible for formulating foreign policy using nonmilitary methods?
United States
What nation is the largest shareholder in the World Bank?
the Peace Corps
Which U.S.-government funded organization, established in 1961, sends individuals to foreign nations for peacekeeping, educational and cultural purposes?
Cabinet
Set of executive departments responsible for carrying out federal policy in specific issue areas.
Cabinet Secretaries
Heads of Cabinet departments and chief advisers to the president on the issues under their jurisdiction.
Bureaucracy
Executive branch departments, agencies, boards, and commissions that carry out the responsibilities of the federal government.
regulations
Guidelines issued by federal agencies for administering federal programs and implementing federal law.
oversight
Powers of Congress to monitor how the executive branch implements the laws.
federal regulatory commission
Federal agency typically run by a small number of officials, known as commissioners, who are appointed by the president for fixed terms and oversee economic or political issues.
Federal Register
Official published record of all executive branch rules, regulations, and orders.
Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
Federal agency that oversees the federal budget and all federal regulations.
independent agency
Federal organization that has independent authority and does not operate within a cabinet department.
Pendleton Act
1883 act that established a merit- and performance-based system for federal employment.
career civil servants
Federal employees who are hired through a merit-based system to implement federal programs and who are expected to be neutral in their political affiliations.
political appointees
Federal employees appointed by the president with the explicit task of carrying out his political and partisan agenda.
merit system
System of employment under which employees are chosen and promoted based on merit.
civil service
The nonpartisan federal workforce employed to carry out government programs and policies.
Civil Service Commission
Created by the Pendleton Act to administer entrance exams for the federal civil service and set standards for promotion based on merit.
Schedule C appointees
Federal employees appointed by the president to oversee civil service employees.
whistleblowers
Employees who report mismanagement, corruption, or illegal activity within their agencies.
Senior Executive Service (SES)
Senior management personnel in the federal government appointed by the president.
interest groups
Groups of citizens who share a common interest�a political opinion, a religious or ideological belief, a social goal, or an economic characteristic�and try to influence public policy to benefit themselves.
factions
Defined by Madison as any group that places its own interests above the aggregate interests of society.
right of association
Right to freely associate with others and form groups, as protected by the First Amendment.
unions
Interest groups of individuals who share a common type of employment and seek better wages and working conditions through collective bargaining with employers
grassroots movements
Group that forms in response to an economic or political event but does not focus on only one issue.
economic interest groups
Group formed to advance the economic status of its members.
lobbying
Act of trying to persuade elected officials to adopt a specific policy change or maintain the status quo.
right of petition
Right to ask the government for assistance with a problem or to express opposition to a government policy, as protected by the First Amendment.
single-issue groups
Groups that form to present one view on a highly salient issue that is intensely important to members, such as gun control or abortion.
ideological interest groups
Groups that form among citizens with the same beliefs about a specific issue.
nongovernmental organization
Organizations independent of governments that monitor and improve political, economic, and social conditions throughout the world.
inside strategy
A strategy employed by interest groups to pursue a narrow policy change and influence legislators directly rather than using a wider grassroots approach.
citizens' groups
Groups that form to draw attention to purely public issues that affect all citizens equally.
501(c)(4) organization
Tax-exempt groups that exist to promote social welfare and can advocate for specific policy issues.
iron triangle
Insular and closed relationship among interest groups, members of Congress, and federal agencies.
special interests
Set of groups seeking a particular benefit for themselves in the policy process.
Political Action Committees (PACs)
Groups formed to raise and contribute funds to support electoral candidates and that are subject to campaign finance laws.
pluralists
View of democratic society in which interest groups compete over policy goals, and elected officials are mediators of group conflict.
selective benefits
Benefits offered exclusively to members of an interest group.
Issue networks
View of the relationship among interest groups, members of Congress, and federal agencies as more fluid, open, and transparent than that described by the term iron triangle.
iron law of oligarchy
Theory that leaders in any organization eventually behave in their own self-interest, even at the expense of rank-and-file members; the larger the organization, the greater the likelihood that the leader will behave this way.
public goods
Goods or benefits provided by government from which everyone benefits and from which no one can be excluded.
Revolving door
Movement of members of Congress, lobbyists, and executive branch employees into paid positions in each other's organizations.
free rider problem
Problem faced by interest groups when a collective benefit they provide is so widespread and diffuse that members and nonmembers alike receive it, reducing the incentive for joining the group.
appeals
Legal proceeding whereby the decision of a lower court on a question of law can be challenged and reviewed by a higher court.
Affirmative Action
Policies that support greater equality, often by granting racial or gender preferences in hiring, education, or contracting.
courts of appeals
Intermediate federal courts that are above the district courts and below the Supreme Court.
adversary process
Confrontational legal process under which each party presents its version of events.
common law
Judge-made law in England and the United States that results from gaps in statutory law.
Judicial Review
Authority of courts to declare laws passed by Congress and acts of the executive branch to be unconstitutional.
Jurisdiction
Lawful authority of a court to hear a case.
district (trial) courts
Federal trial courts at the bottom of the federal judicial hierarchy.
precedents
Practice of reaching decisions based on the previous decisions of other judges.
criminal case
Government prosecution of an individual for breaking the law.
civil suit
Lawsuit by a person, organization, or government against another person, organization, or government.
amicus curiae
Latin term meaning "friend of the court" that is used to describe individuals or interest groups who have an interest in a lawsuit but are not themselves direct parties to the suit.
Marbury v. Madison
An 1803 Supreme Court decision that established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review.
en banc
Decision by an entire Court of Appeals circuit, typically following an original judgment by a three-judge panel of the circuit.
Solicitor General
Official in the Justice Department who represents the president in federal court.
petition for a writ of certiorari
Request to the Supreme Court that it review a lower court case.
class action lawsuits
Lawsuit filed by one person on behalf of that person plus all similarly situated people.
dissenting opinion
Opinion that disagrees with the majority opinion as to which party wins
plea bargains
Agreement by a criminal defendant to plead guilty in return for a reduced sentence.
majority opinion
Opinion of a court laying out the official position of the court in the case.
countermajoritarian difficulty
Alexander Bickel's phrase for the tension that exists for representative government when unelected judges have the power to strike laws passed by elected representatives
rule of four
Supreme Court rule that grants review to a case if as few as four of the justices support review.
concurring opinion
Opinion that agrees with the results of the majority opinion (that is, which party wins) but sets out a separate rationale.
judicial restraint
Decisions by judges respecting the decisions of other branches or, through the concept of precedent, the decisions of earlier judges.
judicial activism
Decisions that go beyond what the law requires made by judges who seek to impose their own policy preferences on society through their judicial decisions.
judicial independence
Ability of judges to reach decisions without fear of political retribution.