solution
homogeneous mixture, substance must dissolve within another substance
solute
the substance being dissolved
solvent
the part that does the dissolving, usually in greater quantity
dissociation
the process in which an ionic compound separates into ions as it dissolves
dispersion
the breaking into small pieces that spread throughout the solvent
dissolving
this takes place at the surface only
ionization
process in which neutral molecules gain or lose electrons, a chemical change results
conductivity
the ability of a substance to allow electrical charges to flow
freezing point
adding a substance that dissolves in water will lower water's __
boiling point
adding a solute to water also elevates (raises) water's __
exothermic reaction
release to surroundings
endothermic reaction
absorbs from surrounding
factors that affect the rate of dissolving
stirring, temperature, surface area
stirring
increases the collisions between the solute and solvent
temperature
causes particles to move faster and also creates collisions
surface area
refers to the area of contact between solute and solvent
solubility
the amount of solute that will dissolve in 100g of water at a specific temperature
saturated
a solution in which no more solute will dissolve within the given solvent, adding more solute will not result in dissolving
unsaturated
a solution that is capable of holding more solute within a given amount of solvent
supersaturated
solutions containing more solute than the solvent will allow
like dissolves like
this means polar solvents will dissolve polar solutes
temperature
generally an increase in the __ will increase the solubility of the substance (exception - gas in liquid)
pressure
increased __ will increase the solubility of gases and liquids (but it has little or no effect on the solubility of solids in liquids)
acid
any compound that produces hydronium ions (H30) when dissolved in water (contains hydrogen that ionizes
properties of acids
sour taste, reactivity with active metals, affects indicators, good conductors
solubility curves
graph that shows solubilities of substances over a range of temperatures
reactivity
active metals react with acids to produce hydrogen gas (corrosive)
indicators
substances that will change color in the presence of an acid or base (litmus)
sulfuric acid
(H2SO4), most widely used chemical, used in making of fertilizers, plastics and car batteries, dehydrating agent
hydrochloric acid
(HCl), stomach acid, used to clean rust from steel/iron
pickling
process that removes rust from steel/iron
nitric acid
(HNO3), uses include fertilizers and explosives (TNT)
strong acids
sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid
weak acids
carbonic acid, acetic acid, hydrofluoric acid, ascorbic acid
carbonic acid
(H2CO3), found in pop
acetic acid
(CH3COOH or HC2H3O2), used in making vinegar
hydrofluoric acid
used to "etch" glass
ascoric acid
(H2C6H6O6), better known as vitamin C
two element acid
when naming this type of acid, add the word "hydro-" to the front - e.g. HCl - hydrochloric acid
three element acid
when naming this type of acid, go to the second element to name it - H2SO4 - Sulfuric acid
base
any compound that releases hydroxide ions (OH-1) when dissolved in water, dissociates
properties of bases
bitter taste, slippery feel, affects indicators, good conductors, caustic
caustic
means wears away animal fibers
strong base
sodium hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
(NaOH), commonly called lye
weak base
calcium hydroxide
calcium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2, used to neutalize acid soil, remove hair from animal hides
neutralization
reaction between an acid and a base
pH
the __ of a solution is a measure of the hydronium ion concentration
ways to determine the pH of a solution
pH paper, pH meter