acid
substance capable of donating hydrogen ions to another substance
ionization
process by which a molecule gives up an ion
hydronium ion
formed by the donation of a proton to one water molecule
H3O+
properties of acids
1. cause sour taste
2. solutions conduct electricity
3. corrode metals
4. cancel the chemical action of bases
5. react with carbonates and bicarbonates to form CO2
electrolyte
a solute that ionizes in solution and conducts electricity
neutral
neither an acid nor a base
base
substance that produces hydroxide ions in water solution
properties of bases
1. cause bitter taste
2. feels slippery
3. can neutralize acids
4. dehydrate (burn) biological tissues
strong acids/bases
ionize to a large extent
weak acids/bases
ionize only slightly
monoprotic acid
one with only one ionizable hydrogen
ex. HCl
diprotic acid
one with two ionizable hydrogens
ex. H2SO4
triprotic acid
one with three ionizable hydrogens
ex. H3PO4
indicators
organic (carbon-containing) compounds that show a definite color change when they react with an acid or a base
litmus
indicator obtained from a lichen
blue litmus
turns red in an acidic solution
red litmus
turns blue in a basic solution
phenolphthalein
colorless in acidic solutions
turns pink in basic solutions
pH scale
used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a substance
0-14
pH < 7
acidic
pH > 7
basic (alkaline)
pH = 7
neutral
salt
ionic compound made up of a negative ion (anion) that comes from an acid and a positive ion (cation) that comes from a base
neutralization reaction
the reaction of an acid and a base to produce a salt (an ionic compound) and water