Glencoe Physical Science Chapters 15-17, 19-21 & 23

Atom

The smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of the element.

Nucleus

Positively charged center of an atom that contains protons and neutrons and is surrounded by a cloud of electrons.

Proton

Particle, composed of quarks, inside the nucleus of an atom that has a charge of 1+.

Nuetron

Neutral particle, composed of quarks, inside the nucleus of an atom.

Electron

Particles surrounding the center of an atom that have a charge of 1-.

Quark

Particles of matter that make up protons and neutrons.

Electron Cloud

Area around the nucleus of an atom where the atom's electrons are most likely to be found.

Atomic Number

Number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

Mass Number

Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

Average Atomic Mass

Weighted-average mass of the mixture of an element's isotopes.

Periodic TAble

Organized list of all known elements that are arranged by increasing atomic number and by changes in chemical and physical properties.

Group

Vertical column in the periodic table.

Electron Dot Diagram

Uses the symbol for an element and dots representing the number of electrons in the element's outer energy level.

Period

Horizontal row in the periodic table.

chemical bond

force that holds atoms together in a compound

chemical formula

chemical shorthand that uses symbols to tell what elements are in a compound and their ratios

chemically stable

describes an atom whose outer most energy level is filled with all electrons allowed in that level

hydrate

compound that has water chemically attached to its ions and written into its chemical formula

ion

charged particle that has either more or fewer electrons than protons

ionic bond

attraction formed between oppositely charged ions in an ionic compound

molecule

a neutral particle that forms as a result of electron sharing

nonpolar molecule

molecule that shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends

oxidation number

positive or negative number that indicates how many electrons an atom has gained, lost, or shared to become stable

polar molecule

molecule with a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end as a result of electrons being shared unequally

polyatomic ion

positively or negatively charged, covalently bonded group of atoms

binary compound

chemical compound composed of only two elements

chemical bond

The force that holds atoms together in a compound

chemical formula

chemical shorthand that uses symbols to tell what elements are in a compound and their ratios

covalent bond

Formed when electrons are shared between atoms

hydrate

compound that has water chemically attached to its ions and written into its chemical formula

ion

atom that has become electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing an electron

ionic bond

the attractive force between two ions of opposite charge

molecule

a neutral particle that forms as a result of electron sharing

nonpolar molecule

molecule that shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends

oxidation number

positive or negative number that indicates how many electrons an atom has gained, lost, or shared to become stable

polar molecule

molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end

polyatomic ion

a covalently bonded group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge

metalloids

have metallic and nonmetallic properties

semiconductor

conducts electricity under certain conditions

metal

conducts electricity

nonmetal

doesn't conduct electricity

polymer

long chains of simple compounds

monomer

small compounds that are building blocks

polymers; monomers

___________ are made of many _________.

monomers; polymers

________ are smaller than ________.

protein

made of amino acids

DNA and RNA

made of nucleotides

metal

to the left of the stair step on periodic table

ductile

able to be stretched into wires

malleable

able to be hammered into sheets

luster

shine

ductile, malleable, luster

metal characteristics

nonmetal

to the right of the stair step on the periodic table

not malleable, not ductile, no luster

characteristics of nonmetals

N, O, C

nonmetals

Ag, Al, Ca

metals

solid; liquid

Metals are usually _______ at room temperature while nonmetals are usually _______ at room temperature.

neutral

The term used to describe an atom that does not have a charge.

ion

The term used to describe a charged atom.

electron configuration

The position of different electrons around the nucleus of an atom.

electron dot diagram

The symbol of an element surrounded by dots representing valence electrons.

valence electrons

The electrons in the last (highest) energy level of an atom.

chemical bond

Force that holds two atoms together.

ionic bond

The type of bond that forms when one atom loses (and another atom gains) electrons.

covalent bond

The type of bond that forms when two atoms share electrons.

compound

A pure substance containing two or more elements that are chemically bonded.

metallic bond

The type of bond that forms when metal atoms "pool" their electrons.

molecule

A neutral particle formed when two or more atoms are covalently bonded.

polar covalent bond

The type of bond formed when atoms share electrons unequally.

chemical formula

A combination of chemical symbols and numbers that shows which elements are present in a compound.

Boyle's law

P1V1=P2V2, the law that states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas increases as the pressure of the gas decreases and the volume of the gas decreases as the pressure of the gas increases.

Bernoulli's principle

the faster a fluid moves, the more its pressure decreases

Pascal's principle

Pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged (equally) throughout the fluid.

kinetic theory of matter

the idea that all matter is made up of tiny particles in constant motion

Charles's law

V1/T1=V2/T2, the law that states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases as the temperature of the gas increases and the volume of the gas decreases as the temperature of the gas decreases

Archimedes' principle

the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object

alkali

a mixture of soluble salts found in arid soils and some bodies of water

endothermic

describes a reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings

catalysts

Compounds that speed up chemical reactions

inhibitors

An agent that slows or interferes with a chemical action

products

the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

synthesis

the process of producing a chemical compound (usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds)

single-displacement

one element trades places with another element in a compound: A + BC --> AC + B

decomposition

a chemical reaction that breaks down compounds into simpler products

double-displacement

anions and cations of two different molecules switch places, forming two entirely different compounds: AB + CD --> AD + CB

precipitate

a solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture

reactant

a chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction

flammable

a chemical that can cause a fire

exothermic

chemical reaction in which energy is primarily given off in the form of heat

endothermic

(of a chemical reaction or compound) occurring or formed with absorption of heat

endergonic

A chemical reaction that requires the input of energy in order to proceed.

coefficient

A number in front of a chemical formula in an equation that indicates how many molecules or atoms of each reactant and product are involved in a reaction.

subscripts

numbers written below the line that tell how many atoms of a given type are in a compound.

substance

that which has mass and occupies space

element

multipal substances mixed together such as salt or water h20

compound

more than one element

How are elements and compounds related

both are made up of atoms but in different ways

heterogeneous mixture

a mixture in which different materials can be distinguished easily

homogeneous mixture

a mixture in which substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture

solution

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances that connot be seen unless with a microscope and does not settle out

colloid

fog, gelatin, particles larger than in a solution but smaller than in a suspension and wont settle out

what kind of mixture is a solution?

homogeneous

Tyndall effect

the scattering of light by colloidal particles

how can you distinguish a colloid from a solution?

solution has particles that you cannot see nad a colloid is just like a solution only you can see the particles

suspension

heterogeneous mixture containing a liquid in which visible particles settle

physical property

A characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance

physical change

a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition

does a change in state mean that a new substance has formed

it usually does because if you were to burn a log or boil water it would change into a new substance

distilliation

vaporizing a liquid, then condensing it by cooling the vapor

chemical property

a property used to characterize materials in reactions that change their identity

chemical change

a change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances

law of conservation of mass

a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system

a softdrink is heterogeneous when...

when the carbon dioxide is fizzing

how is a compound similar to a homogeneous mixture

a homogeneous mixture is made of multiple things and a compound also has multiple things

what is the difference between a mixture and a substance

a substance has a fixed composition and a mixture doesn't

matter is composed of various...

substances

when substances are made up of like atoms...

elements

when substances of which two or more make combine in an easily separated manner form...

mixtures

two or more elements form a...

compound

mixture blended evenly throughout are...

homogeneous

mixture in which the materials are easily distinguished are...

heterogeneous

appearance and behavior are __________ properties

physical

the change from one substance to another is _________ change

chemical

when substance go through a physical change, mass is always___________

conserved

Acids contain at least one _____ atom that can be removed when the acid is dissolved in water.

hydrogen

An acid is a substance that produces _____ ______ in a water solution.

hydrogen ions

When an acid dissolves in water, ____ ions interact with water to form ________ ions.

H?, H?O? (hydrodium)

All acids taste _______.

sour

Acids are ________, meaning they are able to destroy or eat away metals.

corrosive

Acids react with _____ to produce predictable changes in color.

indicators

A(n) ________ is an organic compound that changes color in acid and base.

indicator

Four acids used for industry are:

sulfuric, phosphoric, nitric, and hydrochloric

Bases feel ______.

slippery

Bases are used in many types of ____ materials.

cleaning

Bases form _____ ions in a water solution.

hydroxide, OH?

A base is any substance that accepts ____ from acids.

H?

Bases are the complements, or _____ of acids.

opposites

In the pure, undissolved state, many bases are ________.

crystalline solids

Bases taste ______.

bitter

Strong bases are _______, causing severe burns to skin.

corrosive

Bases turn litmus paper _____.

blue

Acids turn litmus paper _____.

red

NaOH is used to ______ grease.

dissolve

Aluminum reacts with NaOH, producing _______ gas.

hydrogen

An acid _____ or separates into ions to form _______.

ionizes, hydronium

When hydrogen chloride (HCl) dissolves in water, a ______ and a ____ are produced.

hydronium ion, chloride ion

When bases that contain ?OH dissolve in water, the ______ areas of nearby water molecules attract the _______ ion in the base.

negative, positive

The _______ areas of nearby water molecules attract the ?OH of the base.

positive

The base ________ into a positive ion and negative ion -a hydroxide ion (OH?).

dissociates

Water molecules (do/ do not) combine with ions formed from the base.

do not

Solutions of acids and bases produce some ions that can carry electric current, so they are said to be ________.

electrolytes

The strength of an acid or base depends on how many ______ or _________ particles dissociate into ions in water.

acid, base

When a strong acid dissolves in water (all, none, or a small fraction) molecules ionize into ions.

all

When a weak acid dissolves in water (all, some, or a small fraction) dissolve in water.

small fraction

A strong base dissociates (very little, somewhat, or completely) in solution.

completely

Ammonia is a (weak, strong) base.

weak

Weak bases (do, do not) dissociate completely.

Do not

Match the type of ionzation (partial or complete) to the type of acid or base (strong or weak)

Partial : weak

Complete: strong

...

In a chemical equation, double arrows indicate that not all of the acid or base ___

Ionizes

Dilute and concentrated are used to indicate the ____ of a solution.

Contra ions

What do contra ions tell us?

The amount of acid or base dissolved in the solution.

True or False: It is possible to have dilute solutions of strong acids and bases and concentrated solutions of weak acids.

True

pH is a measure of the concentration of ___ ions.

H?

The greater the H? concentration, the (higher/lower) the pH, and the more (acidic/basic) the solution is.

Lower, acidic

The lower the H? concentration, the (higher/lower) the pH, and the more (acidic/basic) the solution is.

Higher, basic

____ is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base that takes place in a water solution.

Neutralization

A ____ is a compound formed when the negative ions from an acid combine with the positive ions from a base.

Salt

Most salts are composed of a positive metal ion and an ion with _____ charge.

Negative

The long ______ ______ of a soap molecule mixes well with oily dirt, while the ____ ____ attracts water molecules.

Hydrocarbon tail, ionic head

Detergents are made of ____ molecules.

Petroleum

Acid

substance that produces hydrogen ions in a water solution

Base

substance that forms hydroxic ions in a water solution

Hydronium Ion

H3O+ ion

Indicator

organic compound that changes color in acid and base

Neutralization

chemical reaction between an acid and base in a water solution

pH

measure of the concentration of H+ ions in a solution (determines acidity)

Salt

compound formed when the negative ions from acid combine with the positive ions from a base

Soap

organic salt

Strong Acid

an acid that dissociates completely in solution

Strong Base

a base that dissociates completely in solution

Titration

process when a solution of known concentration is used to find the concentration of an another solution

Weak Acid

an acid that doesn't dissociate completely

Weak Base

a base that doesn't dissociate completely

End Point

point when acid is completely neutralized and color persists

Standard

solution of known concentration

Concentration

how much acid or base is in the solution

Strength

the ability to dissociate

Universal Indicator

acid-red; base-purple; neutral-white

Phenolphthalein

acid-white; base-purple; neutral-white

Blue Litmus Paper

acid-red; base-blue; neutral-blue

Red Litmus Paper

acid-red; base-blue; neutral-pink

pH ranges

acid:1-6; neutral:7; base:8-14