Atom
The smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of the element.
Nucleus
Positively charged center of an atom that contains protons and neutrons and is surrounded by a cloud of electrons.
Proton
Particle, composed of quarks, inside the nucleus of an atom that has a charge of 1+.
Nuetron
Neutral particle, composed of quarks, inside the nucleus of an atom.
Electron
Particles surrounding the center of an atom that have a charge of 1-.
Quark
Particles of matter that make up protons and neutrons.
Electron Cloud
Area around the nucleus of an atom where the atom's electrons are most likely to be found.
Atomic Number
Number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
Mass Number
Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
Isotope
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
Average Atomic Mass
Weighted-average mass of the mixture of an element's isotopes.
Periodic TAble
Organized list of all known elements that are arranged by increasing atomic number and by changes in chemical and physical properties.
Group
Vertical column in the periodic table.
Electron Dot Diagram
Uses the symbol for an element and dots representing the number of electrons in the element's outer energy level.
Period
Horizontal row in the periodic table.
chemical bond
force that holds atoms together in a compound
chemical formula
chemical shorthand that uses symbols to tell what elements are in a compound and their ratios
chemically stable
describes an atom whose outer most energy level is filled with all electrons allowed in that level
hydrate
compound that has water chemically attached to its ions and written into its chemical formula
ion
charged particle that has either more or fewer electrons than protons
ionic bond
attraction formed between oppositely charged ions in an ionic compound
molecule
a neutral particle that forms as a result of electron sharing
nonpolar molecule
molecule that shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends
oxidation number
positive or negative number that indicates how many electrons an atom has gained, lost, or shared to become stable
polar molecule
molecule with a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end as a result of electrons being shared unequally
polyatomic ion
positively or negatively charged, covalently bonded group of atoms
binary compound
chemical compound composed of only two elements
chemical bond
The force that holds atoms together in a compound
chemical formula
chemical shorthand that uses symbols to tell what elements are in a compound and their ratios
covalent bond
Formed when electrons are shared between atoms
hydrate
compound that has water chemically attached to its ions and written into its chemical formula
ion
atom that has become electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing an electron
ionic bond
the attractive force between two ions of opposite charge
molecule
a neutral particle that forms as a result of electron sharing
nonpolar molecule
molecule that shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends
oxidation number
positive or negative number that indicates how many electrons an atom has gained, lost, or shared to become stable
polar molecule
molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end
polyatomic ion
a covalently bonded group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge
metalloids
have metallic and nonmetallic properties
semiconductor
conducts electricity under certain conditions
metal
conducts electricity
nonmetal
doesn't conduct electricity
polymer
long chains of simple compounds
monomer
small compounds that are building blocks
polymers; monomers
___________ are made of many _________.
monomers; polymers
________ are smaller than ________.
protein
made of amino acids
DNA and RNA
made of nucleotides
metal
to the left of the stair step on periodic table
ductile
able to be stretched into wires
malleable
able to be hammered into sheets
luster
shine
ductile, malleable, luster
metal characteristics
nonmetal
to the right of the stair step on the periodic table
not malleable, not ductile, no luster
characteristics of nonmetals
N, O, C
nonmetals
Ag, Al, Ca
metals
solid; liquid
Metals are usually _______ at room temperature while nonmetals are usually _______ at room temperature.
neutral
The term used to describe an atom that does not have a charge.
ion
The term used to describe a charged atom.
electron configuration
The position of different electrons around the nucleus of an atom.
electron dot diagram
The symbol of an element surrounded by dots representing valence electrons.
valence electrons
The electrons in the last (highest) energy level of an atom.
chemical bond
Force that holds two atoms together.
ionic bond
The type of bond that forms when one atom loses (and another atom gains) electrons.
covalent bond
The type of bond that forms when two atoms share electrons.
compound
A pure substance containing two or more elements that are chemically bonded.
metallic bond
The type of bond that forms when metal atoms "pool" their electrons.
molecule
A neutral particle formed when two or more atoms are covalently bonded.
polar covalent bond
The type of bond formed when atoms share electrons unequally.
chemical formula
A combination of chemical symbols and numbers that shows which elements are present in a compound.
Boyle's law
P1V1=P2V2, the law that states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas increases as the pressure of the gas decreases and the volume of the gas decreases as the pressure of the gas increases.
Bernoulli's principle
the faster a fluid moves, the more its pressure decreases
Pascal's principle
Pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged (equally) throughout the fluid.
kinetic theory of matter
the idea that all matter is made up of tiny particles in constant motion
Charles's law
V1/T1=V2/T2, the law that states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases as the temperature of the gas increases and the volume of the gas decreases as the temperature of the gas decreases
Archimedes' principle
the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object
alkali
a mixture of soluble salts found in arid soils and some bodies of water
endothermic
describes a reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings
catalysts
Compounds that speed up chemical reactions
inhibitors
An agent that slows or interferes with a chemical action
products
the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction
synthesis
the process of producing a chemical compound (usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds)
single-displacement
one element trades places with another element in a compound: A + BC --> AC + B
decomposition
a chemical reaction that breaks down compounds into simpler products
double-displacement
anions and cations of two different molecules switch places, forming two entirely different compounds: AB + CD --> AD + CB
precipitate
a solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture
reactant
a chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction
flammable
a chemical that can cause a fire
exothermic
chemical reaction in which energy is primarily given off in the form of heat
endothermic
(of a chemical reaction or compound) occurring or formed with absorption of heat
endergonic
A chemical reaction that requires the input of energy in order to proceed.
coefficient
A number in front of a chemical formula in an equation that indicates how many molecules or atoms of each reactant and product are involved in a reaction.
subscripts
numbers written below the line that tell how many atoms of a given type are in a compound.
substance
that which has mass and occupies space
element
multipal substances mixed together such as salt or water h20
compound
more than one element
How are elements and compounds related
both are made up of atoms but in different ways
heterogeneous mixture
a mixture in which different materials can be distinguished easily
homogeneous mixture
a mixture in which substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture
solution
a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances that connot be seen unless with a microscope and does not settle out
colloid
fog, gelatin, particles larger than in a solution but smaller than in a suspension and wont settle out
what kind of mixture is a solution?
homogeneous
Tyndall effect
the scattering of light by colloidal particles
how can you distinguish a colloid from a solution?
solution has particles that you cannot see nad a colloid is just like a solution only you can see the particles
suspension
heterogeneous mixture containing a liquid in which visible particles settle
physical property
A characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance
physical change
a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition
does a change in state mean that a new substance has formed
it usually does because if you were to burn a log or boil water it would change into a new substance
distilliation
vaporizing a liquid, then condensing it by cooling the vapor
chemical property
a property used to characterize materials in reactions that change their identity
chemical change
a change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances
law of conservation of mass
a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system
a softdrink is heterogeneous when...
when the carbon dioxide is fizzing
how is a compound similar to a homogeneous mixture
a homogeneous mixture is made of multiple things and a compound also has multiple things
what is the difference between a mixture and a substance
a substance has a fixed composition and a mixture doesn't
matter is composed of various...
substances
when substances are made up of like atoms...
elements
when substances of which two or more make combine in an easily separated manner form...
mixtures
two or more elements form a...
compound
mixture blended evenly throughout are...
homogeneous
mixture in which the materials are easily distinguished are...
heterogeneous
appearance and behavior are __________ properties
physical
the change from one substance to another is _________ change
chemical
when substance go through a physical change, mass is always___________
conserved
Acids contain at least one _____ atom that can be removed when the acid is dissolved in water.
hydrogen
An acid is a substance that produces _____ ______ in a water solution.
hydrogen ions
When an acid dissolves in water, ____ ions interact with water to form ________ ions.
H?, H?O? (hydrodium)
All acids taste _______.
sour
Acids are ________, meaning they are able to destroy or eat away metals.
corrosive
Acids react with _____ to produce predictable changes in color.
indicators
A(n) ________ is an organic compound that changes color in acid and base.
indicator
Four acids used for industry are:
sulfuric, phosphoric, nitric, and hydrochloric
Bases feel ______.
slippery
Bases are used in many types of ____ materials.
cleaning
Bases form _____ ions in a water solution.
hydroxide, OH?
A base is any substance that accepts ____ from acids.
H?
Bases are the complements, or _____ of acids.
opposites
In the pure, undissolved state, many bases are ________.
crystalline solids
Bases taste ______.
bitter
Strong bases are _______, causing severe burns to skin.
corrosive
Bases turn litmus paper _____.
blue
Acids turn litmus paper _____.
red
NaOH is used to ______ grease.
dissolve
Aluminum reacts with NaOH, producing _______ gas.
hydrogen
An acid _____ or separates into ions to form _______.
ionizes, hydronium
When hydrogen chloride (HCl) dissolves in water, a ______ and a ____ are produced.
hydronium ion, chloride ion
When bases that contain ?OH dissolve in water, the ______ areas of nearby water molecules attract the _______ ion in the base.
negative, positive
The _______ areas of nearby water molecules attract the ?OH of the base.
positive
The base ________ into a positive ion and negative ion -a hydroxide ion (OH?).
dissociates
Water molecules (do/ do not) combine with ions formed from the base.
do not
Solutions of acids and bases produce some ions that can carry electric current, so they are said to be ________.
electrolytes
The strength of an acid or base depends on how many ______ or _________ particles dissociate into ions in water.
acid, base
When a strong acid dissolves in water (all, none, or a small fraction) molecules ionize into ions.
all
When a weak acid dissolves in water (all, some, or a small fraction) dissolve in water.
small fraction
A strong base dissociates (very little, somewhat, or completely) in solution.
completely
Ammonia is a (weak, strong) base.
weak
Weak bases (do, do not) dissociate completely.
Do not
Match the type of ionzation (partial or complete) to the type of acid or base (strong or weak)
Partial : weak
Complete: strong
...
In a chemical equation, double arrows indicate that not all of the acid or base ___
Ionizes
Dilute and concentrated are used to indicate the ____ of a solution.
Contra ions
What do contra ions tell us?
The amount of acid or base dissolved in the solution.
True or False: It is possible to have dilute solutions of strong acids and bases and concentrated solutions of weak acids.
True
pH is a measure of the concentration of ___ ions.
H?
The greater the H? concentration, the (higher/lower) the pH, and the more (acidic/basic) the solution is.
Lower, acidic
The lower the H? concentration, the (higher/lower) the pH, and the more (acidic/basic) the solution is.
Higher, basic
____ is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base that takes place in a water solution.
Neutralization
A ____ is a compound formed when the negative ions from an acid combine with the positive ions from a base.
Salt
Most salts are composed of a positive metal ion and an ion with _____ charge.
Negative
The long ______ ______ of a soap molecule mixes well with oily dirt, while the ____ ____ attracts water molecules.
Hydrocarbon tail, ionic head
Detergents are made of ____ molecules.
Petroleum
Acid
substance that produces hydrogen ions in a water solution
Base
substance that forms hydroxic ions in a water solution
Hydronium Ion
H3O+ ion
Indicator
organic compound that changes color in acid and base
Neutralization
chemical reaction between an acid and base in a water solution
pH
measure of the concentration of H+ ions in a solution (determines acidity)
Salt
compound formed when the negative ions from acid combine with the positive ions from a base
Soap
organic salt
Strong Acid
an acid that dissociates completely in solution
Strong Base
a base that dissociates completely in solution
Titration
process when a solution of known concentration is used to find the concentration of an another solution
Weak Acid
an acid that doesn't dissociate completely
Weak Base
a base that doesn't dissociate completely
End Point
point when acid is completely neutralized and color persists
Standard
solution of known concentration
Concentration
how much acid or base is in the solution
Strength
the ability to dissociate
Universal Indicator
acid-red; base-purple; neutral-white
Phenolphthalein
acid-white; base-purple; neutral-white
Blue Litmus Paper
acid-red; base-blue; neutral-blue
Red Litmus Paper
acid-red; base-blue; neutral-pink
pH ranges
acid:1-6; neutral:7; base:8-14