autotrophs
eukaryotes
cell walls
size
What is a plant?
_______________________(make their own food)
_______________________ that contain many cells
cells are surrounded by ______________________
vary in _________
obtain water and nutrients from their surroundings
retain water
transport materials in their bodies
support their bodies
reproduce
what are the 5 adaptations a plant has for living on land?
soil
plants have adaptations to get water and nutrients from the ___________
cuticle
a waxy waterproof layer on a plant that reduces water loss
bottom
top
in general, water and minerals are taken up from the ______________ of the plant while food is made in the __________ part
cell to cell
in small plants, materials move __________________
vascular tissue
tall plants use ___________________________- a system of tubelike structures inside a plant through which water, minerals, and food move
strengthen and support
rigid cell walls and vascular tissue _______________________________________ large plants to help them get sunlight
sexual
fertilization
plants undergo __________________ reproduction that involves __________________________
fertilization
the joining of a sperm cell and an egg cell
zygote
a fertilized egg is called
nonvascular plants
vascular plants
scientists group plants into 2 groups:
low
roots
damp and shady
nonvascular plants are ______________ growing and don't have ________________. They get water and nutrients from their surroundings. live in ___________________________ areas
vascular tissue
vascular plants have ________________________ that helps with transport of nutrients, strength, and support. They can grow tall!
fossils
scientists studied ______________________
400
oldest plant fossils are _________ million years old
chemicals
other plants studied ________________
chlorophyll
studying ___________________________ and genetics showed them that green algae is an ancestor of plants!
sporophyte stage
gametophyte stage
plant life cycles have 2 stages:
spores
in the sporophyte stage, the plant produces _________
spores
tiny cells that can grow into new organisms
eggs and sperm
in the gametophyte stage, the plant produces ____________________
mosses
liverworts
hornworts
3 groups of nonvascular plants are:
spores
seedless vascular plants have vascular tissue, but produce __________________ instead of seeds
moist
like mosses, seedless vascular plants need to live in ____________ environments
vascular tissue
us pollens and seeds to reproduce
2 characteristics of seed plants:
phloem
xylem
2 types of vascular tissue:
phloem
movement of food
xylem
movement of water and minerals
pollen
tiny structures that contain the cells that will later become sperm cells
seed
a structure that contains a young plant inside a protective covering
embryo
stored food
seed coat
What are the three main parts of a seed?
seed dispersal
the scattering of seeds
animals
water
wind
ejection
seeds are dispersed in several ways:
germination
when the embryo continues to grow and pushes out of the seed
anchors
absorb water and materials from the soil
store food
what are the 3 main functions of roots?
carries food and water between the plant roots and leaves
supports the plant and holds up the leaves so they get sun
what are the 2 main functions of a stem?
herbaceous
woody
2 kinds of stems: _____________________ and _____________
herbaceous
stems contain no wood, and are soft
woody
stemware hard and rigid
year
xylum
measure
annual rings represent a ____________ of growth. made of _______________. light bands are made in the spring and dark bands are made in the summer. scientists measure the _________________ of the rings to understand the past, such as rainfall.
energy
photosynthesis
leaves capture the sun's ________________ and carry out the food-making process of ___________________________
transpiration
process by which water evaporates from a plants leaves
Gymnosperm
a seed plant that produces naked seeds
Angiosperms
produce flowers and produce seeds enclosed in fruit
flower
The reproductive structure of an angiosperm
sepals
leaves that enclose the bud
stamens
filament
anther
male reproductive parts; the thin stalk is called a ______________________ and pollen is produced in the ____________________
pistils
stigma
style
ovary
___________________-female reproductive parts in the center of the flower. the sticky tip is the _____________________. the _____________, is a slender tube, that connects the stigma to the __________, which protects the developing seed.
cone
The reproductive structure of a gymnosperm
tropism
touch
light
a plant's growth response toward or away from a stimulus
these stimuli an be touch, light, or gravity
ex.
____________-grape vines wrap around the objects they touch
_____________- sunflowers follow the sun
hormone
a chemical produced by the plant that affects how the plant grows and develops
auxin
a plant hormone that speeds up the rate of the plants growth
photoperiodism
A plant's response to seasonal changes in length of night and day
short
__________ day plants- flower when nights are long
long
__________ day plants- flower when days are long
day-neutral
________________ plants- not sensitive to the periods of light and dark
dormancy
A period when an organism's growth or activity stops
annuals
complete life cycle in one growing season (marigolds, petunias, wheat)
biennials
complete life cycle in 2 years (celery)
perennials
plants that live for more than 2 years (peonies and trees)
embryo
what is this?
food store
what is this?
seed coat
what is this?
embryo
what is this?
stored food
what is this?