Fuel
A substance that provides a form of energy such as heat, light, electricity or motion as the result of a chemical change
Combustion
Burning of a fuel
Fossil fuels
Energy rich substances formed from the remains of once living organisms
Three major fossil fuels
Coal, oil and natural gas
Coal
A solid fossil fuel formed from plant remains
Hydrocarbons
Energy rich chemical compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
Reserves
Known deposits of coal and other fossil fuels that can be obtained using current technology
Petroleum
Another name for oil
Refinery
A factory where crude oil is separated into fuels and other products by heating
Petrochemicals
Compounds made from oil
Natural gas
A mixture of methane and other gases
Oil
Thick, black liquid fossil fuel
Solar energy
Energy from the sun
Passive solar system
Converts sunlight into thermal energy without using pumps or fans
Active solar system
Captures the suns energy then using fans and pumps to distribute heat
Renewable sources of energy
Wind, water, tides, biomass material, earth's interior and hydrogen
Hydroelectric power
Electricity produced by falling water
Biomass fuels
Fuels made from living things, like wood, leaves, food wastes, manure
Geothermal energy
Intense heat from the earth's interior which warms magma; can be used for heating ( by heating water underground)
Energy conservation
Reducing energy
Efficiency
The percentage of energy that is actually used to perform work
Insulation
A layer of material that helps block the transfer of heat between the air inside and outside a building
Electromagnetic Waves are a form of _______ that can travel through space.
energy
Most energy from the sun reaches Earth in the forms of _______ light and ________ radiation, and a small amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
visible; infrared
The _______ (faster/slower) the molecules are moving, the more energy they have.
faster
Thermal energy is ___________.
the total energy of motion in the molecules of a substance.
The average amount of energy motion in the molecules of a substance is called ________.
temperature
Air temperature is measured using a ________.
thermometer
_______ is the energy transferred from a hotter object to a cooler object
heat
What three (3) ways is heat transferred:
Radiation, Conduction, Convection
Radiation is the direct transfer of energy by _________.
electromagnetic waves
two examples of radiation are:
the sun or a campfire
_________ is the direct transfer of heat from one substance to another.
Conduction - example is when you walk on hot sand, the molecules are transferring the heat from the sand to your feet.
Conduction works well with ______, like metal, but not as well with _____ and _______.
solids; liquids; gases
_________ is the transfer of heat by the movement of molecules.
Convection - example is the furnace in your house, it carries the heat molecules around your house.
__________ causes most heating of the troposphere.
Convection
The force that makes air move is caused by a difference of _____________.
air pressure
_______ is the horizontal movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.
Wind
All winds are caused by differences in__________ .
air pressure
A south wind blows from the _______ toward the ______.
south; north
_________ is an instrument used to measure wind speed.
Anemometer
_____________ is the increased cooling that a wind can have.
Wind-chill factor
______ Winds- winds that blow over short distances.
Local
Sea Breeze is wind blowing from an ocean or lake onto ______.
land
Land Breeze is wind blowing from the land onto ___________.
a body of water
________ Winds- winds that blow steadily from specific directions over long distances.
Global
The movement of air between the equator and the poles produce _______ winds.
global
The warm air will flow away from the equator and toward the ______.
poles
_________ is the way Earth's rotation makes the winds curve.
Coriolis Effect
If Earth did not rotate, the global winds would blow in a _______ line from the poles toward the equator.
straight
The major global wind belts are the ______ winds, the prevailing _________, and the polar ________.
trade/tropical; westerlies; easterlies
The movement of water between the atmosphere and Earth's surface is called the ______ Cycle.
Water
__________ is the process by which water molecules in liquid water escape into the air as water vapor.
Evaporation
________ is a measure of the amount of water vapor in the air.
Humidity
________ is the % of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount the air could hold.
Relative Humidity
__________ is the process by which molecules of water vapor in the air become liquid water.
Condensation
The temperature at which condensation begins is the ___________.
dew point
_________ form when air is cooled to its dew point and particles are present.
Clouds
_________ clouds look like fluffy, round piles of cotton.
Cumulus
Clouds that form in flat layers are _______ clouds.
stratus
Wispy, feathery clouds are ______ clouds.
cirrus
Coriolis Effect
This is the swirling movement of air and currents across Earth caused by the Earth's rotation on its tilted axis. These global swirling winds help create Earth's weather patterns.
Most important function of the ocean is....
These play an important part in keeping the Earth suitable for life. Perhaps the most important function of these is to absorb and hold energy from sunlight. This function regulates temperatures in the atmosphere.
The ocean stabilizes Earth's weather conditions by absorbing and holding this.
Thermal energy
ocean currents influcenced by:
a. weather
b. earth rotation
c. position of continents
d. all of the above
d. These are stream-like movements of water in the ocean. They are influenced by a number of factors, including weather, the Earth's rotation, and the position of the continents.
Gulf Stream
This is a strong, fast moving, warm ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows into the Atlantic Ocean. It transports 25 times more water than all the rivers in the world.
atmosphere
This is a mixture of gasses that surrounds Earth.
air pressure
The atmosphere is held around the Earth by gravity. Gravity pulls gas molecules in the atmosphere toward the Earth's surface. This is the measure of the force with which air molecules push on a surface It is strongest at the Earth's surface because more a
radiation
This is the transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves. Although the sun releases a huge amount of energy, Earth receives only about two-billionths of this energy. But this small fraction of energy is enough to drive the weather cycle and make Earth habi
convection
This is the transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of a liquid or gas.
greenhouse effect
The atmosphere is like a warm blanket that traps enough energy to make Earth livable. This is the process by which gases in the atmosphere, such as water vapor and carbon dioxide, absorb thermal energy and radiate it back to Earth.
jet streams
These are narrow belts of high-speed winds that blow in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. These winds can reach maximum speeds of 400 km/h (250 mph). Unlike other global winds, these do not follow regular paths around the Earth. Knowing the pa
climate
This is the average weather condition in an area over a long period of time. It is mostly determined by temperature and precipitation.
latitude
The amount of direct solar energy a particular area receives is determined by this. The sun's rays hit the equator directly so that area has high temperatures. However, the sun's rays strike the poles at an angle. The result is lower temperatures at the p
El Nino
This is an unusual warming of ocean water off the coast of Peru that takes place every few years.
Energy is distributed in the atmosphere by ___________________.
convection: transfer of heat by movement of matter, such as air.
Energy is distributed in the ocean by __________ ____________.
convection current: Ex. differences in density of ocean water(caused by temperature and salinity) cause the water to move and distribute energy in the ocean.
Energy enters the biosphere as _________.
sunlight
What is passed between organisms when they eat one another?
energy
What is the main source of energy that powers the convection currents in the atmosphere and ocean?
The sun
What is temperature?
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object
What is thermal expansion?
The increase in volume resulting from increase in temperature. ie, hot air balloons
Heat energy that can travel between objects is called?
Radiation energy
Heat that transfers from direct contact to another object is called?
conduction: transfer of energy as heat through a material
The earth receives most of its energy from the ________.
sun
The energy received from the sun is adsorbed by the earth's ______________, _______________, and ________________.
atmosphere, geosphere and hydrosphere.
The uneven heating of the ocean water by convection causes _______________.
convection currents.
Convection in the atmosphere causes?
wind
Convection in the geosphere causes?
earthquakes; movement of tectonic plates
energy can be transferred between the geosphere and atmosphere by?
conduction; when the air comes into direct contact with warm surface of earth, energy is passed to atmosphere by conduction.
Energy is neither created or destroyed? True or False
True: It is simply a transfer between spheres or converted into another form of energy.
Radiation can only travel through space?
True or False
True
Energy from the sun reaches Earth by radiation in the form of ______________.
electromagnetic waves
Substances need to be in contact when conduction occurs because in that process:
a. energy is transferred by the collision of particles
b. energy is transferred by osmosis
c. energy is adsorbed by the higher temperature substance
a. energy is transferred by the collision of particles
If the sun did not provide energy, could we survive?
No! Plants get energy from sun. If sun did not provide energy to plants, animals would not have source of energy. Life would not exist on Earth without energy from sun.
natural resource
any natural material that is used by humans
What is water, petroleum, minerals, forests and animals to humans?
natural resources
nonrenewable resource
a resource that forms at a rate that is much slower than the rate at which it is consumed
renewable resource
natural resource that can be replaced at same rate at which it is consumed
What type of natural resource are trees and fresh water
renewable resource
What type of natural resource is coal, petroleum and natural gas?
non-renewable; would take millions of years to replace what have used
What is a mineral?
a naturally formed, usually inorganic, solid that has a crystalline structure. They form very slowly.
Copper, diamond, aluminum, galena, gold, gypsum,quartz, silver,sphalerite, bauxite are all examples of?
minerals used in everyday life and manufacturing