Osmosis
diffusion of molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal
Diffusion
the process in which there is movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration
Active Transport
The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy
Exocytosis
A process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane
endocytosis
Process in which cells take in fluids or other large molecules
Hypotonic
Low Concentrated Solution
Hypertonic
Highly Concentrated Solution
Isotonic
Equal concentrations on the inside and outside of the cell
Semi permiable
describes a membrane that will allow some but not all substances to pass through it.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.
Celluar Respiration
the process where cells use oxygen to help generate their energy
Anaeorbic
Where glucose is broken down in the cells in the absence of oxygen
Aerobic
Where glucose is broken down in the cell in the presence of Oxygen
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
a medical condition in which body deformation or facial development or mental ability of a fetus is impaired because the mother drank alcohol while pregnant
Glucose
A simple sugar that is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
Enzyme
A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change
characteristics of an enzyme
Recyclable, Extremely Specific, Proteins, Speed up reactions
Photosynthesis equation
6CO2 + 6H2O + light ? C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular Respiration equation
C6H12O6+6O6 ? ATP+ 6CO2+6H2O
When two or more elements combine chemically...
compound
An atom is the smallest unit of an _______
element
What is an example of a compound?
water H2O
A _______ is the smallest unit of a compound
molecule
What is Carbon Dioxide made of?
1 carbon and 2 oxygen = CO2
What is an example of an element
sulfur
Water makes up about _____ of our body
3/4
What is the difference between an organic compound and an inorganic compound?
Organic= contains carbon and hydrogen
Inorganic= does not contain carbon
...
what are the four important groups of organic compounds in living things?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
what are the two organic compounds made of the elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Carbohydrates and Lipids
What is an example of a carbohydrate?
sugars and starches
Starches are also called?
complex carbohydrates
What is the sugar that produces energy when your body breaks down the starch called?
glucose
What foods can you find carbohydrates in?
bread, rice, pasta
What are three examples of lipids?
fats, oils, waxes
Lipids contain ______ that are stored in _____
energy, cells
a long organic molecules made up of: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Proteins
Smaller molecules that make up protein are called?
amino acids
fish, meat, eggs, nuts: are examples of?
Proteins
a type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing is called an _____
enzyme
Give an example of a working enzyme...
saliva is an example...it will speed up the digestion of food by breaking down starches into sugars in your mouth.
a very long organic molecule made up of : carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphors is...
Nucleic acid
What are the two kinds of nucleic acid and what are their functions?
DNA- the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed onto an offspring
RNA- plays a role in the production of proteins
...
RNA is found in cytoplasm and in the nucleus.
...
When some substances can pass through the cell membrane and others cannot it is called?
selectively permeable
Describe selective permeable of a cell...
A cell must let in needed materials like oxygen and food, but must move out all waste materials
all substances that can move in and out of a cell is done by one of three processes, what are they
diffusion, osmosis, active transport
How do most molecules cross the cell membrane?
diffusion
The process by which molecules move form an ara of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called
diffusion
What causes diffusion?
diffusion is caused by molecules that move and continuously bump into each other, the more molecules in the area the more collisions there will be to push the molecules away form each other and spread evenly.
Two processes by which materials pass through the cell membrane are...
passive transport and active transport
To require the cell to use its own energy for movement, using cellular energy is called?
Active transport
The movement of dissolved materials through a cell membrane with out using cellular energy is called?
passive transport, they are able to PASS through easily without energy.
the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane is called?
osmosis
When the cell membrane wraps itself around the particle and forms a vacuole is called?
engulfing
Is engulfing an active or passive form of transport?
active, because it uses energy to move
Every living thing and every cell needs ________.
energy
Explain the process of photosynthesis...
Plants use the sun to get energy, they convert the energy (carbon dioxide and water) into oxygen and sugar
during which stage does the green pigments come from
first stage, it occurs mostly in the leaves
organisms that can make its own food is called
autotroph
an organism that cannot make its own food
heterotroph
Finish this diagram: sun is the source for living things...plants use the energy to make their own food...zebras???
get their energy from eating the grass, lions get their energy from eating the zebras...
colored chemical compounds that absorb light are called
pigments
The main photosynthetic pigment in chloroplasts is?
chlorophyll
The small opening on the underside of the leaves of a plant are called?
stomata
what is the equation for photosynthesis?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O ----> C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2
carbon water sugar oxygen
...
dioxide
...
What are the two ways the sugar that is produced is used in photosynthesis?
1. cells break it down to release energy
2. stored for later use
...
The process where cells obtain energy form glucose is called
respiration
what happens during respiration?
cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar and release the energy they contain.
How is energy stored and released in photosynthesis?
energy is stored in the form of carbohydrates and then when the cells need energy they break down the carbs by respiration
What are the two stages of respiration?
FIRST STAGE takes place in the cytoplasm, gluclose is broken down into smaller molecules(no oxygen needed)
SECOND STAGE takes place in the mitochondria (powerhouses), the small molecules are broken down even more, this chemical reaction uses oxygen and re
what are the raw materials for respiration?
sugar and oxygen
during Photosynthesis plants use _________ and release_________
carbon dioxide and release oxygen
In respiration, organisms use ________ and release ____________
oxygen and release carbon dioxide
An energy releasing process that does NOT require oxygen?
fermentation
The equations for respiration is
C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 ------> 6 CO2+ 6 H2O+ENERGY
What are the two different types of fermentation and describe them....
1. alcohol fermentation- when yeast and other single celled organisms break down sugars (bakers and brewers use this
2. Lactic Acid fermentation- when your cells lack oxygen, fermentation occurs. When an athlete's muscles run out of oxygen, lactic acid fe
ions
when an atom loses a proton or an electron it becomes electrically charged and it is called an ion. Ions are important in many life processes that take place in the organism and transport oxygen in the blood
molecular compound
the smallest part of this compound is a molecule which is a group of atoms held together by the energy of chemical bonds
ionic compound
when ions of opposite chargers attract one another, they form an electrically neutral compound called ionic compounds. Example: salt
mixture
a mixture is a combination of substances in which individual substances retain their own properties. Example of mixtures in our organisms is called suspensions. Example of suspension is blood.
organic compounds
what ever has hydrogen, carbon and associated with living things is an organic compounds. Carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are organic compounds
enzymes
is an organic compound that is a protein and regulates all chemical reaction in the cell
inorganic compounds
made of elements other that carbon. the most important inorganic compound is water that is a part of all chemical reaction of all living things