Segregation
Keeps minorities powerless by formally separating them from the dominant group and depriving them of access to the dominant institutions
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
An association founded in 1909 by W.E.B Dubois that was formed to help blacks gain equal rights socially and politically.
First African American to serve on the Supreme Court (1967-1991)
Thurgood Marshall
An American pastor, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.
Martin Luther King Jr.
Black Panthers
A group founded in Oakland, California, to protect blacks from police harassment; promoted militant black power.
Born Malcolm Little, an African-American Muslim minister and a human rights activist.
Malcolm X
Southern Democrats
Congressmen in the south determined to uphold segregation and maintain the status quo
Alabama Gov. in 1962 who declared, "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever
George Wallace
Dr. Hector Perez Garcia
Formed the American GI Forum to protect the rights of Latino veterans.
Labor leader and farm worker advocate Cesar Chavez devoted his life to improving the treatment of workers.
Cesar Chavez
Delores Huerta
Co-founded United farm workers with Cesar Chavez
Chicano Mural Movement
Artists began using the walls of city buildings, housing projects, schools, and churches, in Mexican-American barrios throughout the Southwest, to depict Mexican-American culture. (1960's)
Feminine Mystique
Betty Friedan's book showing contempt for the traditional American housewife.
American Indian Movement -AIM (1968)
Native American organization led by Dennis Banks to protest/destroy the government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans; in 1973, organized the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
Title IX
Provision of the Educational Amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions recieving federal funds from disciminating against female student
Title VII (Civil Rights Act 1964)
executive order #11246 required federal contractors to adopt affirmative action programs
Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
The Supreme Court case that established the constitutionality of racial segregation and the notion of "separate but equal.
Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, KS, 1954
Supreme Court ruling declaring segregation in public schools was unconstitutional
Civil Rights Act of 1964
(1964) federal law under Lyndon B. Johnson that made segregation illegal in all public facilities
Jim Crow Laws
Southern state laws designed to enforce segregation in the face of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments (grandfather clause, poll tax, literacy tests, separate but equal, etc)
separate but equal
Principle upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public facilities was legal.
De facto discrimination
Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice., discrimination that is the result not of law but rather of tradition and habit
Black Codes
Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War
Equal Protection Clause
14th amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination
Poll Tax
A tax of a fixed amount per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote
Civil disobedience
A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks. This legislation improved the political status of African Americans in the south.
An African American murdered by a white man for breaking a rule of segregation in the south.Start of civil rights movement for African Americans
Emmett Till
Freedom Rides (1961)
Series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in areas which were most likely not complying with desegregation laws.
Racism
Belief that one race is superior to another
Discrimination
Behavior targeted at individuals or groups and intended to hold them apart and treat them differently.
Ku Klux Klan
A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights
The 13th Amendment (1865)
This amendment officially prohibited slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
The 14th Amendment (1866)
Intended to end the black codes, this amendment gave citizenship to former slaves and declared that all states must give all citizens equal protection under the law.
The 15th Amendment (1869)
This allowed all MEN of any race or color to vote.
Central High School
The site of forced school desegregation by federal troops in Little Rock, Arkansas demonstrating the government would enforce decisions on integration.
Describing a time in the United States "...when all of God's children, black men and white men, ...will all join hands..." replacing segregation with an integrated society.
Martin Luther King's Dream Speech (1963)
Civil Disobedience
Method of protest used by Martin Luther King Jr. during the Civil Rights Movement that brought about legislative changes.
Arkansas governor in 1957 who defied segregation of public schools in Little Rock, Arkansas until Pres. Eisenhower sent in federal troops to enforce desegregation
Orval Faubus
Georgia governor in 1967; had previously owned and forcefully removed African Americans from the restaurant he owned; once governor, appointed more African Americans to positions than all previous governors combined
Lester Maddox
Miranda v Arizona (1966)
Supreme Court decision declaring that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police...."You have the right to remain silent
Gideon v Wainwright (1963)
Supreme Court ruling that a defendant in a felony trial must be provided a lawyer free of charge if the defendant cannot afford one.
Civil Rights Movement
Social movement in the United States during the 1950's and 1960's, whose primary goal was to end segregation
40 year old black seamstress who refused to give up her seat on the bus in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955. This refusal marked the beginning of the modern civil rights movement
Rosa Parks
Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery.
Booker T. Washington
Sit-ins
Non-violent protest at lunch counters that served whites only
Black Nationalism
Spurred by Malcolm X and other black leaders, a call for black pride and advancement without the help of whites; this appeared to be a repudiation of the calls for peaceful integration urged by MLK.
Black Muslims
Developed by the black Muslim Leader Elijah Muhammad who preached black nationalism, separatism, and self-improvement. The movement attracted thousands of followers.
Television
Visually demonstrated the, to public, the brutal tactics used by police on the civil rights marchers.
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public sup
The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans and encouraged social activism
Jackie Robinson
Birmingham, Alabama (1963)
Site of large-scale violence led by local police against Civil Rights movement
Barry Goldwater
1964 Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history
Lyndon B. Johnson
Vice president during the 1963 assassination of JFK. Elected president in 1964 passing the Civil Rights Act (1964) and proposed creating The Great Society and declaring war on poverty.
Sweat v Painter
UT Law school admits black student to law school, but creates a separate small building for black students. not equal, unconstitutional (1951)
Brown v Board of Education
1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.
Hernandez v Texas
1954 Supreme Court decision that ended exclusion of Mexican Americans from juries in Texas.
Edgewood ISD v Kirby
Education was a fundamental constitutional right; Wanted to make things equal between poor and wealthy schools. "Robin Hood Plan" (1984)
White v Regester
Boundaries for Texas legislature cannot discriminate by setting up multi-member districts (1973)
Wisconsin v Yoder
Free exercise of religion not violation of compulsory attendance laws; Amish children do not have to go to school until they are 16---they may stop after the 8th grade
Tinker v Demoines
Supreme Court case established that students first amendment rights are protected at school allowing students to wear black arm bands to protest war. (1969)
Mendez v Westminster
Supreme court upheld lower court rulings that declared the segregation of Mexicans unconstitutional. (1947 California & 1948 Delgado Texas cases)
Delgado v Bastrop ISD
Segregation of Mexican American children in Texas illegal (1947)