Progressive Reform
1877-1914
Era of US history where people - Reformers tried to change and fix society and government for the better
Progressives
People who were reform minded
They were in all careers and aspects of society
Government politicians, photographers, writers, investigative journalists, political cartoonists, nuns, creating aide for poor immigrants in settlement houses, ie
Children's Aid
William Marcy Tweed
"Boss Tweed" nickname
Democratic politician from NYC -CORRUPT!!
City Alderman (low level local post)
Oversaw & Ran Tammany Hall - 1860's 1870's -
He's the "Boss"
Led network of city official called "Tweed Ring"
Democratic Political Machine - CORRUPT
Kickbacks
Illegal payments, sign of corruption
Boss Tweed took kickbacks
Rockefeller got paid kickbacks from railroads
Bribes
Illegal payments, sign of corruption
You do this for me and I'll do that for you
"Quid Pro Quo
The New York County Courthouse
Built in late 1800's
Dishonest construction workers and city officials stole $$$$ from NYC treasury by submitting fake high priced bills for fraudulent (bad/fake) work-
Investigation by NY Times found 12 million billed to build court house.
Thomas Nast
Political cartoonist & writer
Draws cartoons exposing Boss tweed for his corruption
Harper's Weekly
Thomas nast published his Cartoon work in a magazine Harper's Weekly. Tweed is eventually convicted and sent to prison
Spoils System
Andrew jackson political supporters were rewarded with jobs and favors
Synonym is Patronage
Patronage
System of giving jobs to loyal supporters often not even qualifies to do the job!!
Got paid and didn't do the work and the people are being ripped off!
Pendleton Act
1883 Congress passed the Act
Creates Civil Service Commission
Requires a written test for federal jobs!!! An Exam must be passed to qualify for the civil service jobs (Goverment workers)
Sherman Antitrust Act
Congress passes the Act in 1890
Banks Trusts and Monopolies
-Didn't work at first-it was used by the government to break striking workers saying a strike interrupted free trade-This was a misuse and ploy to hurt unions
-(favored big business)
-Good News-E
13th Amendment (1865)
Banned Slavery (No more slavery)
14th Amendment (1868)
Born on US soil you are a citizen &
Guarantees equal protection under the law
15th Amendment (1870)
Gave newly freed black men the right to vote (gave black men suffrage)
16th Amendment (1909)
Established income tax. It is a graduated federal income tax.
17th Amendment (1913)
Creates Direct Election Senators
Public votes for senators (corrupt/favoritism)
18th Amendment (1920)
Bans alcohol
19th Amendment (1920)
Gave women the right to vote
Women gain Suffrage (vote)
21st Amendment (1933) Only amendment to repeal another amendment
Alcohol is legal again
Mary Eastman and Purpose of Women's Clubs
Women's leader, women's clubs=reach out into a new life for women, want to change how the world thinks
Leaders of Urban Reform
Women of middle class, people had more time - began to pursue college education
How do families change in the late 1800's?
People moved to cities - families needed less children to survive, more technology, more leisure time
How does technology change women's lives?
Can do housework faster, more time for education and, after, other jobs
Professional" women
The "New Women
Professional women=in occupations requiring special knowledge/edu.
New woman=modern women who pursued interests outside of their homes
Jane Addams
Set up Hull House (settlement house in Chicago) - pioneer of social work
Hull House
Settlement house
Mother Cabrini
Italian nun who came to the US to work with the poor
Women's Suffrage
Women were denied the right to vote, so they fought for it
Women Suffrage Parade
Yellow suffrage flag and yellow daffodils, women marched for their voting rights
Mary Church Hill
Active leader for women's rights, founded National Association of Colored Women
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
NAACP
Formed by women from clubs that set up classes, recreational activities, and social services - it founded homes for orphans, established hospitals, and worked for women's suffrage
Women's Clubs
At first focused on cultural activities, then became concerned about social problems
Abolitionists
Wanted to abolish slavery, then became suffragists - fought for woman suffrage
Suffragists
People who fought for the right to vote
National American Woman Suffrage Association
An organization formed by suffragists
Anna Howard Shaw
A minister and doctor leader of National American Woman Suffrage Association
Carrie Chapman Catt
An educator and newspaper editor, leader of National American Woman Suffrage Association
Opposition to
Women's Suffrage
People didn't like the idea of women voting, including some women - would upset society's "natural" balance
Proponents of Women's Suffrage (those for it)
Needed the vote to promote the reforms they favored
What happened
March 31st 1913?
Suffragists marched on Washington D.C.
Wyoming
Led the fight for women's vote in country - eventually they "won
Alice Paul
Formed the National Women's Party - sought greater economic and legal equality
Woman's Christian Temperance Union - WCTU
Became largest and most powerful women's org. in country
Frances Willard
President of WCTU - thought all social prob.s=connected and activists should embrace many social reforms
How did middle class women work for better lives for others?
Helped working-class people, immigrants, and society, supported public places of edu. and help, and raised money
Women's Trade Union League -WTUL
Urged working women to form labor unions, supported laws protecting women, raised money for bail for arrested female strikers
Temperance Crusade
Crusade against alcohol - urged individuals to stop drinking
Prohibition
Laws that would ban making or selling alcohol
Carrie Nation
Colorful crusader for temperance in early 1900s, entered saloons and destroyed bottles and kegs with an ax
Theodore Roosevelt
Republican vice presidential nominee in 1900, became pres. in 1901 at 42, wanted trusts to be regulated, won 1904 election with more than 57%
Mark Hanna
Republican leader, didn't support Roosevelt, said only one life between him and the White House
President William McKinley
Republican president, 1900, died less than one year later - Roosevelt succeeded him, favored big business
Northern Securities Company
Railroad monopoly, fought the accusations of illegal activities all the way to Supreme Court, Court ruled w/ prosecution
Trust buster
Someone who tries to break up all the trusts
Square Deal
Fair and equal treatment for all, promised by Roosevelt in 2904 pres. Election, called for gov't reg of businesses
Laissez-faire
French expression - let the people do as they choose, Thomas Jefferson's point of view, little gov't involvement in the affairs of businesses, more conservative
Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act
Gave Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration the power to visit businesses and inspect the products produced there
Conservation
The protection and preservation of the country's natural resources
U.S. Forest Service
Proposed by Roosevelt 1905, Roosevelt pressure Congress to set aside millions of acres of national forests to create the nation's first wildlife sanctuaries
National Conservation Commission
Produced first survey of the country's natural resources, formed by Roosevelt
William Taft
Roosevelt's successor, carried out and went beyond many of Roosevelt's policies, won more antitrust cases in 4 yrs than Roosevelt in 7 yrs, favored safety standards for railroads and mines
Taft and Progressives
Made progressive reforms but disappointed many progressives - weak on fight for lower tariffs and altered many conservation policies so that they favored businesses
Primary
An election where a political party chooses its candidates, Roosevelt won all, but Taft had backing of party leaders and business interests that controlled the party machinery
Progressive Party
Formed by Roosevelt after he'd lost first ballot to Taft, nicknamed Bull Moose Party because he said he felt as strong as a bull moose
Woodrow Wilson
Democrat, won pres. In 1912, received 42% (Roosevelt=27%, Taft=23%), got lower tariffs on imports
Federal Reserve Act (1913)
Regulated banking, 12 regional banks supervised by central board in D.C., banks that operated nationally were required to join the Federal Reserve System
Federal Trade Commission (1914)
Federal Trade Commission
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)
One of government's chief weapons against trusts
Keating-Owen Act (1916)
Banned goods produced by child labor from being sold in interstate commerce, struck down 2 yrs later as unconstitutional