Social Studies Progressive Reform Test

Progressive Reform

1877-1914
Era of US history where people - Reformers tried to change and fix society and government for the better

Progressives

People who were reform minded
They were in all careers and aspects of society
Government politicians, photographers, writers, investigative journalists, political cartoonists, nuns, creating aide for poor immigrants in settlement houses, ie
Children's Aid

William Marcy Tweed
"Boss Tweed" nickname

Democratic politician from NYC -CORRUPT!!
City Alderman (low level local post)
Oversaw & Ran Tammany Hall - 1860's 1870's -
He's the "Boss"
Led network of city official called "Tweed Ring"
Democratic Political Machine - CORRUPT

Kickbacks

Illegal payments, sign of corruption
Boss Tweed took kickbacks
Rockefeller got paid kickbacks from railroads

Bribes

Illegal payments, sign of corruption
You do this for me and I'll do that for you
"Quid Pro Quo

The New York County Courthouse

Built in late 1800's
Dishonest construction workers and city officials stole $$$$ from NYC treasury by submitting fake high priced bills for fraudulent (bad/fake) work-
Investigation by NY Times found 12 million billed to build court house.

Thomas Nast

Political cartoonist & writer
Draws cartoons exposing Boss tweed for his corruption

Harper's Weekly

Thomas nast published his Cartoon work in a magazine Harper's Weekly. Tweed is eventually convicted and sent to prison

Spoils System

Andrew jackson political supporters were rewarded with jobs and favors
Synonym is Patronage

Patronage

System of giving jobs to loyal supporters often not even qualifies to do the job!!
Got paid and didn't do the work and the people are being ripped off!

Pendleton Act

1883 Congress passed the Act
Creates Civil Service Commission
Requires a written test for federal jobs!!! An Exam must be passed to qualify for the civil service jobs (Goverment workers)

Sherman Antitrust Act

Congress passes the Act in 1890
Banks Trusts and Monopolies
-Didn't work at first-it was used by the government to break striking workers saying a strike interrupted free trade-This was a misuse and ploy to hurt unions
-(favored big business)
-Good News-E

13th Amendment (1865)

Banned Slavery (No more slavery)

14th Amendment (1868)

Born on US soil you are a citizen &
Guarantees equal protection under the law

15th Amendment (1870)

Gave newly freed black men the right to vote (gave black men suffrage)

16th Amendment (1909)

Established income tax. It is a graduated federal income tax.

17th Amendment (1913)

Creates Direct Election Senators
Public votes for senators (corrupt/favoritism)

18th Amendment (1920)

Bans alcohol

19th Amendment (1920)

Gave women the right to vote
Women gain Suffrage (vote)

21st Amendment (1933) Only amendment to repeal another amendment

Alcohol is legal again

Mary Eastman and Purpose of Women's Clubs

Women's leader, women's clubs=reach out into a new life for women, want to change how the world thinks

Leaders of Urban Reform

Women of middle class, people had more time - began to pursue college education

How do families change in the late 1800's?

People moved to cities - families needed less children to survive, more technology, more leisure time

How does technology change women's lives?

Can do housework faster, more time for education and, after, other jobs

Professional" women
The "New Women

Professional women=in occupations requiring special knowledge/edu.
New woman=modern women who pursued interests outside of their homes

Jane Addams

Set up Hull House (settlement house in Chicago) - pioneer of social work

Hull House

Settlement house

Mother Cabrini

Italian nun who came to the US to work with the poor

Women's Suffrage

Women were denied the right to vote, so they fought for it

Women Suffrage Parade

Yellow suffrage flag and yellow daffodils, women marched for their voting rights

Mary Church Hill

Active leader for women's rights, founded National Association of Colored Women

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
NAACP

Formed by women from clubs that set up classes, recreational activities, and social services - it founded homes for orphans, established hospitals, and worked for women's suffrage

Women's Clubs

At first focused on cultural activities, then became concerned about social problems

Abolitionists

Wanted to abolish slavery, then became suffragists - fought for woman suffrage

Suffragists

People who fought for the right to vote

National American Woman Suffrage Association

An organization formed by suffragists

Anna Howard Shaw

A minister and doctor leader of National American Woman Suffrage Association

Carrie Chapman Catt

An educator and newspaper editor, leader of National American Woman Suffrage Association

Opposition to
Women's Suffrage

People didn't like the idea of women voting, including some women - would upset society's "natural" balance

Proponents of Women's Suffrage (those for it)

Needed the vote to promote the reforms they favored

What happened
March 31st 1913?

Suffragists marched on Washington D.C.

Wyoming

Led the fight for women's vote in country - eventually they "won

Alice Paul

Formed the National Women's Party - sought greater economic and legal equality

Woman's Christian Temperance Union - WCTU

Became largest and most powerful women's org. in country

Frances Willard

President of WCTU - thought all social prob.s=connected and activists should embrace many social reforms

How did middle class women work for better lives for others?

Helped working-class people, immigrants, and society, supported public places of edu. and help, and raised money

Women's Trade Union League -WTUL

Urged working women to form labor unions, supported laws protecting women, raised money for bail for arrested female strikers

Temperance Crusade

Crusade against alcohol - urged individuals to stop drinking

Prohibition

Laws that would ban making or selling alcohol

Carrie Nation

Colorful crusader for temperance in early 1900s, entered saloons and destroyed bottles and kegs with an ax

Theodore Roosevelt

Republican vice presidential nominee in 1900, became pres. in 1901 at 42, wanted trusts to be regulated, won 1904 election with more than 57%

Mark Hanna

Republican leader, didn't support Roosevelt, said only one life between him and the White House

President William McKinley

Republican president, 1900, died less than one year later - Roosevelt succeeded him, favored big business

Northern Securities Company

Railroad monopoly, fought the accusations of illegal activities all the way to Supreme Court, Court ruled w/ prosecution

Trust buster

Someone who tries to break up all the trusts

Square Deal

Fair and equal treatment for all, promised by Roosevelt in 2904 pres. Election, called for gov't reg of businesses

Laissez-faire

French expression - let the people do as they choose, Thomas Jefferson's point of view, little gov't involvement in the affairs of businesses, more conservative

Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act

Gave Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration the power to visit businesses and inspect the products produced there

Conservation

The protection and preservation of the country's natural resources

U.S. Forest Service

Proposed by Roosevelt 1905, Roosevelt pressure Congress to set aside millions of acres of national forests to create the nation's first wildlife sanctuaries

National Conservation Commission

Produced first survey of the country's natural resources, formed by Roosevelt

William Taft

Roosevelt's successor, carried out and went beyond many of Roosevelt's policies, won more antitrust cases in 4 yrs than Roosevelt in 7 yrs, favored safety standards for railroads and mines

Taft and Progressives

Made progressive reforms but disappointed many progressives - weak on fight for lower tariffs and altered many conservation policies so that they favored businesses

Primary

An election where a political party chooses its candidates, Roosevelt won all, but Taft had backing of party leaders and business interests that controlled the party machinery

Progressive Party

Formed by Roosevelt after he'd lost first ballot to Taft, nicknamed Bull Moose Party because he said he felt as strong as a bull moose

Woodrow Wilson

Democrat, won pres. In 1912, received 42% (Roosevelt=27%, Taft=23%), got lower tariffs on imports

Federal Reserve Act (1913)

Regulated banking, 12 regional banks supervised by central board in D.C., banks that operated nationally were required to join the Federal Reserve System

Federal Trade Commission (1914)

Federal Trade Commission

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

One of government's chief weapons against trusts

Keating-Owen Act (1916)

Banned goods produced by child labor from being sold in interstate commerce, struck down 2 yrs later as unconstitutional