Democratic
Minorities, women, and African Americans tend to vote this way
Republican
During the Reconstruction, nearly all African Americans considered themselves this party
Economic Domination
Sharecropping and debt
Political Domination
Suffrage gained and lost
Disenfranchisement
The prevention of voting through acts such as terrorism, poll taxes, and literacy tests
Montgomery Bus Boycott
1955-1956: For 381 days, people walked, carpooled and took taxis to work
Principles of Civil Disobedience
Active nonviolent resistance to evil; attack forces not people
Freedom Summer
Enacted to bring education to the poorest areas of Mississippi; was very successful but caused mass violence and spurred terror
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Ended discriminatory voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, the workplace, and "public accommodations"; out lawed literacy tests and other forms of discrimination
Return of Poll Tax
New photo I.D. requirement
Shelby County v. Holder
Allowed many voter restriction laws to be passed
Alabama
State which created Voter I.D. restrictions and then closed 31 DMVs
Absentee ballot
Tool of choice among voter fraudsters
Superficial Representation
the process of appointing to political positions nonwhites disconnected from the needs and problems of most nonwhite citizens
Substantive Representation
genuine political representation marked by a correspondence between the goals of nonwhite representatives and those of nonwhite citizens
Post-Racial Liberalism
De-emphasizes race; more universalism
Colorblind Universalism
race neutral solutions to race-based problems; provides no solution and may make it worse
Gerrymandering
the process by which elected politicians redraw and manipulate the borders of political districts to secure political advantage
Packing
concentrating votes of one type into a single district
Cracking
spreading out voters of one type
Contiguous
Able to move from one side to the other
Migration to the Cities
Result of a rise in industrialism
Great Migration
Massive movement of blacks from rural South to urban North
Ghetto
A part of a city that is exclusively inhabited by members of one racial/ethnic group and to which virtually all members of that group are restricted
Advanced Marginality
Spatial and social segregation, exclusion from economic prosperity, and limited access to state services and consumer goods
Red-lining
The practice of denying mortgage loans for homes in nonwhite neighborhoods
Urban Renewal
Destroy nonwhite communities to build other buildings and businesses; Intensified minority poverty
White Flight
White moved out to suburbs beginning in 1950s; Increased with urban deindustrialization and Civil Rights Movement
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Prohibited discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on Race, Religion, National Origin, Gender, People with Disabilities, and Families with children
Index of Dissimilarity
A measure of segregation between any two groups, with 0 being total integration and 100 being total segregation
The New Great Migration
African Americans moving back to the South
Contested Boundaries Hypothesis
4.7 million 311 calls (2009-2013) analyzed
Complaints more frequent at "fuzzy" neighborhood boundaries than at well-defined boundaries
Fuzzy boundaries may trigger residents' need to assert their community's racial identity
Lynch Mob
Between 1880-1930, mobs murdered over 2,300 black men, women, and children- that we know of
Vagabond Laws
Criminalized poverty by outlawing begging or loitering; targeted especially black poverty; offenders could be sent to jail even for just going door-to-door for work
Neoslavery
Prison labor camps
Convict leasing program
Forced prisoners to work for private companies for no pay, which returned them to enslavement
Prison Boom
1925 to 1975: prison population fluctuated between 100k to 200k
Women of Color
Fastest growing segment of the prison population
War on Drugs
Increase in drug control spending to stop the spread of the use of crack cocaine
Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986
Created a 100 to 1 sentencing disparity for crack vs. powder cocaine possession
Stop-and-Frisk
Practice of the city police department in which officers stop, question, and frisk thousands of pedestrians annually
Terry v. Ohio
Dictated that Stop-and-Frisk does not violate the 4th amendment
Michael Brown
Man shot by Officer Wilson in Ferguson
Eric Garner
Killed in a chokehold on tape in NYC
Political Consequences of Incarceration
Cannot vote due to felony convictions
Economic Consequences of Incarceration
Criminal record reduces one's chance of getting a job by 50-60%
Family Consequences of Incarceration
Struggles and strains to marriage and limits parenting
United States
World's leading jailer
Washington
Believed education should develop better trained laborers; believed in more manual menial labor
Atlanta Compromise
Blacks not be equal to whites in exchange for equal education and due process
Du Bois
NAACP. Supported Equal Education and against symbolic violence
Talented Tenth
Most talented should be educated in order to uplift the rest of the community
Plessy v. Ferguson
Separate but equal" accommodations in railroad cars met 14th Amendment's right to equal protection under the law; Used to justify segregation in all public facilities
Murray vs. Pearson (1936)
Maryland Court of Appeals ruled to integrate University of Maryland School of Law
Sweatt vs. Painter (1950)
Supreme Court ruled to integrate University of Texas School of Law
Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)
NAACP Lawyers used social-scientific evidence to argue that schools were separate and unequal; Court's unanimous decision dismantled the legal basis of racial segregation
Mendez vs. Westminister School District
U.S. District Court ruled to integrate California Schools
Citizen Councils
Groups of Southern whites who attempted to abolish public education integration
Little Rock Nine
1957: nine black teens selected by NAACP to integrate Little Rock Central High School
Implicit Bias
Unconscious attitudes or prejudices that affect our understanding actions, and decisions
Educational Pipeline
Lack of education leading to high instances of incarceration
Cultural Capital
The sum total of one's knowledge of established and revered cultural material and practices
Social Capital
The sum of all resources one accrues by virtue of being connected to a network of people
Hidden Curriculum
Unspoken values, dispositions, and social and behavioral expectation essential to educational attainment
Familism
A specific variant of social capital having to do with one's attachment to, and reliance on, family-based relationships
The Fallacy of Undifferentiated Difference
Takes hold of all the extremely diverse histories and social experiences of nonwhite groups and flattens them
Involuntary v. Voluntary Minorities
Historically, certain racial groups were brought to the United States against their will, while others voluntarily migrated here; ex. African Americans brought over by slave trade, Native Americans were colonized
Oppositional Culture
A collective of linguistic, behavioral, aesthetic, and spiritual attitudes and practices formed in direct opposition to mainstream white culture
Interaction Order
The (more or less) Face-to-Face domain of social life that connects large-scale structures and individual psychology and all the performances that constitute the daily work of impression management
Back Stage
Where we can relax and not have to impress others
Front Stage
Where we try to make an impression on others
Racial survival strategies
Used by people of color to navigate face-to-face interactions (testing and masking)
Testing
The act of "feeling out" members of other racial or ethnic groups to evaluate their level of racial tolerance
Masking
Self-presentation that takes on an explicitly racialized character
Double Consciousness
A way of thinking about yourself through two pairs of eyes: those of white people and those of your own racial/ethnic group
Symbolic Violence
The process whereby people of color unknowingly accept and support the terms of their own domination
Racial-genetic model
Genetic or biological factors cause racial disparities in health- very little empirical evidence
Health-behavior model
Behaviors voluntarily adopted by individuals lead to racial disparities- do not account for all racial disparities
SES Model
Socioeconomic disparities lead to health disparities-account for some but not fully
Psycho-social stress model
Stress associated with institutional and interpersonal racism-lots of empirical evidence
Structural-constructivist model
Causal connections between race and health can't be made because race is a social construction- goals and aspirations are also socially constructed
Looking-glass self
A person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others
Illuminated Individualism
Respecting differences, while admitting privilege and bias; treat all people fair and equally
The Veil
Race itself; can lead to double consciousness because they act white in order to be accepted
Second Sight
Looking out of the veil, while having the knowledge and gain from that