What problems did the South face following the Civil War
It's damaged; cities, towns, and farms were ruined. they faced starvation because of high food prices and wide spread crop failures. Their money was worthless, banks failed. All bridges and railroads are destroyed
What was President Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction
Ten Percent Plan- offered southerners amnesty, or official pardon, for all illegal acts supporting the rebellion. Before that though, they had to swear an oath of loyalty to the U.S. and agree that slavery was illegal
How was the Ten Percent Plan different from the Wade-Davis Bill
Wade Davis Bill- much stricter, state could rejoin the Union if it banned slavery and a majority of male adults in the state had to take the loyalty oath. Also, only southerners who swore that they have never supported the Confederacy could vote or hold o
After the Civil War, why did some African Americans feel they were not free
they could not vote
White planters refused to give up land; they did not know where they could live, what work they could do, what rights they had; their freedoms were difficult to enforce
What were the goals of the Freedmen's Bureau
wanted to use Bureau's limited budget to distribute food to the poor and to provide education and legal help for freedpeople. Also helped African American war veterans
How did education for African Americans benefit both black and white southerners
Northern groups provided books and teachers to African Americans. More than 150,000 African Americans were attending more than 3000 school. Universities were created. Working adults went to class in the evening. Education will help them understand and pro
What happened to Abraham Lincoln and why
On April 14, 1865 Lincoln and his wife attended a play at Ford's Theater in Washington D.C.. John Wilkes Booth, a southerner, sneaked into the president's theater box and shot and killed him because he opposed his policies
Why did some Americans oppose President Johnson's Reconstruction plan
He decided that wealthy southerners and former Confederate officials would need a presidential pardon to receive amnesty. He pardoned more than 7000 people by 1866. For setting up new state governments, voters elected state and federal representatives. Re
What are different ways the U.S. government attempted to reconstruct the South after the Civil War
Ten-Percent plan-offered soutern amnesty for all illegal acts supporting the rebellion
Wade-Davis Bill-ban slavery and majority of males in the state had to take a loyalty oath
Wanted to give 40 acre plots of land to former slaves
Freedmen's Bureau-agency
How were some African Americans affected by the end of the war
13 amendment-slavery became illegal
legalized marriages, searched for relatives, traveled more
white southerners refused to give them land
unsure where to live, what work to do, what rights they had
more African Americans were attending schools
In what ways did Black Codes limit the freedom of African Americans
They had to sign work contracts, creating work conditions similar to slavery. If they weren't employed they could be arrested or work one year without pay. They couldn't own guns or allowed to rent property except in cities
What were Radical Republicans' goals for Reconstruction
Force change in the South, for the federal government to be involved, economic and political justice for both African Americans and poor white southerners
What was the purpose of the proposed Freedmen's Bureau Bill and why did Johnson veto it
It allowed Freedmen's Bureau to use military courts to try people accused of violating African Americans rights. Johnson vetoed it because Freedmen's Bureau was unconstitutional and Congress couldn't pass any new laws until the southern states were repres
Why was the Civil Rights Act of 1866 created
Republicans responded to Johnsons veto--act provided blacks with the same legal rights as whites
What rights did the 14th amendment protect
-defined all people born or naturalized within the U.S., except Native Americans as citizens
-guaranteed citizens the equal protection of the law
-states could not "deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law"
-banned many
How did the 14th amendment affect the congressional elections of 1866
Civil rights for African Americans became a key issue in the elections, Johnsons speaking tours were a disaster with fighting/riots
How were Radical Republicans and moderate Republicans similar and different
Both disagreed with Black codes and wanted rights for African Americans. Moderate Republicans hoped the government wouldn't have to force the South to follow federal laws while Radical Republicans did
How were states to be readmitted under the Reconstruction Acts
A state had to write a new state constitution supporting the 14th amendment and had to give African American men the right to vote
What led Congress to call for the impeachment of President Johnson and what was the result of the impeachment trial
Johnson didn't support Reconstruction policies and broke the law by firing Edwin Stanton, the secretary of war, Senate Republicans failed to convict Johnson by a single vote, however the trial weakened his power as president
What other president was impeached in 1998, on what accusations and what was the result
Bill Clinton (initiated by House of Representatives) on two charges: perjury (lying under oath to a federal grand jury) and destruction of justice. Senate voted-president was acquitted on both articles of impeachment and he finished his term
To what votes did Grant appeal in the presidential election of 1868
northern voters
How did Radical Republicans take control of Reconstruction
worried southern states would keep black voters from the polls and laws were not fair so African American men gained suffrage
What rights were ensured by the 15th amendment
African American men the right to vote
What effect might the 15th amendment have on women in the United States
They will be angry because they do not have the right to vote. Womens rights activists will come back
What district consisted of only one state
District 1; Virginia
Why might Military District 5 be more difficult for federal troops to control than other districts
the geography of it and larger areas of land, close to water/port, could be violence
What reforms did Reconstruction state governments carry out
Established state-funding public school system in the South, built new hospitals, prisons, and orphanges, passed laws prohibiting discrimination against blacks, aided in construction of railroads, bridges, and buildings, and issued bonds that raised taxes
How were scalawags and carpetbaggers different
Scalawags- white southern republicans
Carpetbaggers- northern-born Republicans who moved to the South after the war
How did African Americans participate in government during Reconstruction
More than 600 won election to state legislature; 16 were elected to Congress; others held local offices in counties throughout the south; Hiram Revels became the first black in the U.S. Senate
Why did southern Reconstruction governments focus on building railroads and bridges
to help the southern economy recover from the war
Why did resistance to Reconstruction increase
White southerners did not like African Americans in office. Democrats thought reconstruction governments were corrupt, illegal, and unjust. They disliked having federal soldiers stationed in their states
How did the federal government address the activities of the Ku Klux Klan
Congress passed laws that made it a federal crime to interfere with elections or to deny citizens equal protection under the law
How was the United States affected by the Panic of 1873
There were bankruptcy, company failures, panic through the stock market. Investers began selling shares of stock more rapidly then people wanted to buy them. Companies had to buy their shares back from investors. Railroads failed, unemployment risen, ther
What issues caused the Republican party to abandon Reconstruction
Americans were worried about economic problems and government corruption
Who were the redeemers
Democrats who brought their party back to power in the South; wanted to reduce sizes of state governments and limit the rights of African Americans
In what ways were African American men restricted from voting
poll tax and required voters to pass a literacy test
How did segregation become the key issue in the Plessy vs. Ferguson case
Homer Plessy refused to leave a whites only Louisiana train car he was riding on, he was arrested and accused of breaking a state law requiring separate cars for black and whites (segregation was the case)
Why did many African Americans stay on plantations
It was costly to buy or rent farms or move west
Why would the cycle of debt continue for sharecroppers
When families needed food/supplies, they had to pay on credit(no cash), Bad weather and poor harvests did not make paying off debts easy, there was an excessive cotton supply so a lower cost
How were African Americans' rights restricted
reduced public funding for schools, was poll tax and literacy laws for voting, legal segregation, Civil rights act of 1875 became unconstitutional, 14th amendment only applied to the actions of state governments
What was the most successful industrial development in the South after Reconstruction
Textile production- business people built textile mills in many small towns to produce cotton fabric
What were the benefits and drawbacks of mill work
Benefits: alternative to farming, entire families worked in same cotton mill, employed large numbers of women and children(12 years old), women were valued workers
Drawbacks: did not enjoy work, long hours, cotton dust and lint in air caused asthma and br
What did Southern business leaders hope industry would do
strengthen the southern economy and create a new south
What issued concerned Republicans
-damages south-economy, buildings, railroads, way of life was ruined
-African American Rights- white southerners tried to limit rights; was segregation
-representatives of new state governments
What changes were enacted by the Republican Congress
-Freedmen's Bureau
-13, 14, 15 amendments
-Civil Rights Act of 1866
-reconstruction Acts
What were some causes and effects of Reconstruction
causes: damaged towns, cities, farms, buildings, railroads, and economy in the south; the lack of rights for African Americans
effects: attempts to rebuild southern industry(state governments, textiles); African Americans gaining and losing rights (segreg