Chapter 9

UTI

urinary tract infection

Urinary tract infection

usually begins in the bladder; however, such an infection can affect all parts of the urinary system

ARF

acute renal failure

acute renal failure

has sudden onset and is characterized by uremia. It can be fatal if not reversed promptly

BPH

benign prostatic hyperplasia

benign prostatic hyperplasia

also known as benign prostatic hypertrophy or enlarged prostate, is an enlargement of the prostate gland that most often occurs in men older than age 50; this condition can make urination difficult and causes other urinary-tract problems for men

CKD

chronic kidney disease

chronic kidney disease

also known as chronic renal disease or kidney failure, is the progressive loss of renal function over months or years; this common condition, which can be life-threatening, May result from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or a family history of kidney dis

cysto

cystoscopy

cystoscopy

the visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope

ESRD

end-stage renal disease

end-stage renal disease

Final stage of kidney disease, and this condition is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are replaced by dialysis, or with a successful kidney transplant

PKD

polycystic kidney disease

polycystic kidney disease

is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys; slowly reduce the kidney function, which eventually leads to kidney failure

TURP

transurethral resection of the prostate

transurethral resection of the prostate

transurethral prostatectomy; the removal of part or all of the prostate through the urethra

resection

removal of part or all of a structure, organ, or tissue

C&S

culture and sensitivity

culture and sensitivity

laboratory test that grows a colony of bacteria removed from infected area in order to identify the specific type of bacteria and then determine its sensitivity to a variety of antibiotics

UA

urinalysis

urinalysis

the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements

cyst/o

(Urinary) bladder

urinary bladder

oval, hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body

Glomerul/o

glomerulus (small ball)

-cele

hernia, tumor

nephr/o

kidney

Urea

the major waste product of protein metabolism

kidney(s)

constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water; these are excreted as urine, which is 95% water and 5% urea and other body wastes.

lith/o

stone, calculus

ur/o

urine, urinary tract

renal pelvis

funnel-shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla

pyel/o

Renal pelvis

-lysis

setting free, separation

-pexy

surgical fixation

-tripsy

to crush

dia-

complete, through

-ectasis

enlargement, stretching

Ureter/o

ureter

ureter(s)

two narrow tubes, each about 10 to 12 inches long, which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder

Peristalsis

a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction; moves urine down each ureter to the bladder

Urethra

in the male, carries both urine and semen; tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body

Urethr/o

urethra

-uria

urination, urine

-edema

excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues

cystolith

stone in the urinary bladder

diuresis

Increased output of urine

prostate gland

is part of the male reproductive system, surrounds the urethra; most disorders of the prostate affect the male's ability to urinate

Nephrons

are the microscopic functional units of each kidney; it is here that urine is produced through the process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

urologist

a specialist who treats the genitourinary system of males

epispadias

the urethral opening is on the upper surface of the penis; congenital abnormality of the urethral opening; in a female with epispadias, the urethral opening is in the region of the clitoris

ablation

treatment in which a body part is removed or it's function is destroyed; this type of procedure is frequently used to treat prostate cancer

urethral meatus

the opening through which urine leaves the body

glomerulus

the portion of a nephron that is active in filtering urine

renal cortex

outer region of the kidney

pyelotomy

a surgical incision into the renal pelvis

Uretorrhagia

the discharge of blood from the ureter

polyuria

excessive urination

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

Wilms tumor

a malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in children

incontinence

being unable to control excretory functions

urinary catheterization

the process of withdrawing urine from the bladder; insertion of a tube into the bladder to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes

Kegels

series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor to control urinary stress incontinence

vesicovaginal fistula

abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina

ESWL (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy)

use of powerful sound wave vibrations to break up stones in the kidney

GFR

glomerular filtration rate

OAB

overactive bladder

anuria

the absence of urine formation by the kidneys

cystorrhaphy

the surgical suturing of the bladder

nephrolysis

the freeing of a kidney from adhesions

oliguria

scanty urination

hemodialysis

the process of artificially filtering waste products from the patient's blood

nephritis

inflammation of the kidney; most commonly caused by toxins, infection, or an autoimmune disease

ureterolith

a stone located anywhere along the ureter

suprapubic catheterization

the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone

cystopexy

the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall

hyperproteinuria

abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine

hydronephrosis

the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys

voiding cystourethrography

a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra

percutaneous nephrolithotomy

surgical removal of a kidney stone through a small incision in the back

ureterorrhaphy

the surgical suturing of a ureter

stress incontinence

the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing

prostatism

a disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia

prostate cancer

malignancy of the prostate gland

urethrorrhea

abnormal discharge from the urethra

urethrorrhagia

bleeding from the urethra

renal colic

an acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passing of a kidney stone

nocturia

excessive urination at night

interstitial cystitis

a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder

urethrostenosis

narrowing of the urethra; enlarged prostate gland causes this

peritoneal dialysis

the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood

urethroplasty

surgical repair of the walls of the urethra

prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test

used to screen for prostate cancer

prostate-specific antigen

A protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland to help liquefy semen; the higher a man's PSA level, the more likely cancer is present

glomerulonephritis

a type of kidney disease caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine

nephroptosis

floating kidney, prolapse or dropping down of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands

uremia

uremic poisoning; toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea and other waste products normally secreted in the urine are retained in the blood

nocturnal enuresis

urinary incontinence during sleep (bed wetting)

ureterectasis

the distention of a ureter

Distension

Swelling or bloating

hypoproteinemia

the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood

nephrologist

a specialist in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys

cystostomy

the creation of an artificial opening between the urinary bladder and the exterior of the body

nephrotomy

surgical incision into the kidney

nephrosclerosis

abnormal hardening of the kidney

cystoptosis

prolapse of the bladder into the urethra

prolapse

falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part

urethrocele

a prolapse of the female urethra

ureterolysis

the procedure to separate adhesions around a ureter

nephromalacia

abnormal softening of the kidney

ureteroplasty

surgical repair of a ureter

Urethrostomy

the surgical creation of an outside excretory opening from the urethra

cystoplasty

surgical repair of the bladder