dialysis
mechanical filtering process used to remove metabolic waste products from blood, draw off excess fluids, and regulate body chemistry when kidneys fail to function properly
dia-
through, across
lysis
separation; destruction; loosening
electrolytes
solutions that conduct electricity, such as acids, bases, and salts (sodium, potassium)
metabolism
sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism
pH
symbol for degree of acidity or alkalinity
urologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males
incontinence
difficulty holding urine
urogynecologist
specialize in treating urinary problems involving the female reproductive system
pediatric urologist
specializes in diagnosing and treating urinary problems in children
nephrology
specialize in disease and conditions that affect the kidneys
urinary system
primary function is to remove waste products of metabolism from the blood by excreting them in the urine
cyst
bladder
vesic
bladder
scoopy
visual examination
cystoscopy
visual examination of the urinary bladder
glomerul
glomerulus
glomerulopathy
disease of the glomerulus
meat
opening, meatus
nephr
kidney
hydronephrosis
excessive accumulation of urine in the renal pelvis as a result of obstruction of a ureter
ren
kidney
renal
pertaining to the kidney
pyel
renal pelvis
pyeloplasty
surgical repair of the renal pelvis
ur
urine, urinary tract
urin
urine, urinary tract
uremia
elevated level of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood; also called azotemia
urinary
pertaining to urine
ureter
ureter
ureterostenosis
narrowing of the ureter
urethr
urethra
urethrocele
herniation or swelling of the urethra
stenosis
narrowing, stricture
cele
hernia, swelling
emia
blood condition
azotemia
nitrogenous substances in the blood
azot
nitrogenous compounds
iasis
abnormal condition (produced by something specific)
lithiasis
condition of stones
nephropathy
disease of the kidney
pexy
fixation (of an organ)
nephropexy
fixation of the kidney
ptosis
prolapse, downward displacement
nephroptosis
downward displacement of a kidney
tripsy
crushing
lithotripsy
crushing of a stone so it can be expelled in the urine
uria
urine
oliguria
scanty urination
an
without, not
anuria
without urine
poly
many, much
polyuria
excessive urination
supra
above; excessive; superior
suprarenal
pertaining to above the kidney
azoturia
increase of nitrogenous substances, especially urea, in urine
cystocele
bulging of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina as a result of weakening of supportive tissue between the bladder and the vagina; also called prolapsed bladder
diuresis
increased formation and secretion of urine
di
double
dysuria
painful or difficult urination, typically caused by a urinary tract condition, such as cystitis
edema
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the cells, tissues, or other parts of the body that may be a sign of kidney failure or other disease
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
kidney disease that has advanced to the point that the kidneys can no longer adequately filter the blood and, ultimately, requires dialysis or renal transplantation for survival; also called chronic renal failure (CRF)
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which bladder control should be established; also called night-time bed-wetting or nocturnal enuresis
hypospadias
abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis
spadias
slit, fissure
interstitial nephritis
form of nephritis in which pathological changes in renal interstitial tissue result in destruction of nephrons and severe impairment in renal function
nephrolithiasis
formation of calculi in the kidney that results when substances that are normally dissolved in the urine (such as calcium and acid salts) solidify
renal hypertension
high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease
urinary tract infection (UTI)
infection of the kidneys, ureters, or bladder by microorganisms that either ascend from the urethra or spread to the kidney from the bloodstream
Wilms tumor
malignant neoplasm of the kidney that occurs in young children, usually before age 5, and includes common early signs such as hypertension, a palpable mall, pain, and hematruia
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
laboratory test that measures the amount of urea (nitrogenous waste product) in the blood and demonstrates the kidneys' ability to filter urea from the blood for excretion in urine
culture and sensitivity (C&S)
laboratory test that isolates and grows colonies of microorganisms to identify a pathogen and to determine which drugs might be effective for combating an infection
kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)
radiographic examination to determine the location, size, shape, and possible malformation of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
pyelography
radiographic study of the kidney, ureters, and usually the bladder after injection of a contrast agent
intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
radiographic imaging in which a contrast medium is injected intravenously and serial x-ray films are taken to provide visualization of the entire urinary tract
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
radiographic imaging in which a contract medium is introduced through a cystoscope directly into the bladder and ureters to provide detailed visualization of the urinary structures and to locate urinary tract obstruction
renal scan
nuclear medicine imaging procedure that determines renal function and shape through measurement of a radioactive substance that is injected intravenously and concentrates in the kidney
urinalysis (UA)
physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine
voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)
radiography of the bladder and urethra during the process of voiding urine after filling the bladder with a contrast medium
catheterization
insertion of a catheter (hollow flexible tube) into a body cavity or organ to instill a substance or remove fluid, most commonly through the urethra into the bladder to withdraw urine
cystoscopy (cysto)
insertion of a rigid or flexible cystoscope through the urethra to examine the urinary bladder, obtain biopsy specimens of tumors or other growths, and remove polyps
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
use of powerful sound wave vibrations to break up stones in the kidney
nephrolithotomy
surgical procedure that involves a small incision in the skin and insertion of an endoscope into the kidney to remove a renal calculus
tomy
incision
renal transplantation
organ transplant of a kidney in a patient with end-stage renal disease; also called kidney transplantation
ureteral stent
insertion of a thin tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney
antibiotics
treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract by acting on the bacterial membrane or one of its metabolic processes
antispasmodics
decrease spasms in the urethra and bladder by relaxing the smooth muscles lining their walls, thus allowing normal emptying of the bladder
diuretics
block reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys, thereby increasing the amount of salt and water excreted in the urine (causes reduction of fluid retained in the body and prevents edema)
refluxes
flows backwards
hydroureter
the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked
hemodialysis
involves passing the blood through an artificial kidney for filtering out impurities
peritoneal dialysis
introduction of fluid into the abdomen through a catheter.
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
C&S
culture and sensitivity
CKD
chronic kidney disease
CRF
chronic renal failure
cysto
cystoscopy
ESRD
end-stage renal disease
ESWL
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
IVP
intravenous pyelography
KUB
kidney, ureter, bladder
PKD
polycystic kidney disease
RP
retrograde pyelography
TURP
transurethral resection of the prostate
UA
urinalysis
US
ultrasound; ultrasonography
UTI
urinary tract infection
VCUG
voiding cystourethrography
WBC, wbc
white blood cell